Show:
Evolution
Speciation
Adaptive Radiation and Phylogeny
Biodiversity
Biodiversity pt2
100

Give one example of real time evidence of evolution.

Bacteria resistant to antibiotics 

Industrial melanism - Kettlewell's Experiment 

100

What is genetic drift?

 the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population due to random chance.

100

compare and contrast primitive and derived

primitive - traits present in ancestral group

derived - new traits unique to each lineages


100

what are the three domains of life? Describe the basic characteristics of each.

Eukarya - includes planta, animals, and fungi. Multicellular and sometimes unicellular (PROTISTS)

Archaea - live in regular places, plus extremophiles. Prokaryotes, single celled organisms 

Bacteria - single-celled prokaryotic organisms 

100

Compare and contrast angiosperms, gymnosperms, bryophytes, and vascular plants 

Angiosperm - plants that bear flowers and fruits (vascular plant)

gymnosperms - "naked" seed producing plants (vascular) 

vascular plants - include a xylem and a phloem

bryophytes - nonvascular seedless plant

200

What is Lyell's famous saying regarding evolution?

"The present is the key to the past"

200

Compare and contrast Gradualism and Punctuated equilibrium (modes of evolutions)

  • Gradualism.  
    • Evolution proceeds as an accumulation of small changes over a very long period of time.
  • Punctuated Equilibrium
    • Important evolutionary changes occur over relatively “short” periods of time, when populations begin to diverge.  Long periods of stasis.
200

What occurs after mass extinctions in terms of diversity? What is this called?Why does this occur?

Mass extinctions are often followed by an explosive increase in diversity because the surviving have new niches available that they can occupy. This is called adaptive radiation (rapid speciation)

200
What are the physical characteristics of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes - no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles, have a cell wall to maintain shape, physical protection, and prevents the cell from bursting in hypotonic environments 


Eukaryote - 

  • Have nucleus 
  • Have membrane bound organelles
  • More complex than prokaryotes
200

What are the three KEY characteristics of animals?

1) Nutritional mode - heterotrophs who INGEST their food

2)Cell structure and development - no cell walls, have specialized tissue 

3)Reproductions and development - two different modes ?

300

Draw the graphs for the three types of selection.

Stabalizing

Directional

Disruptive

300

Define the three types of speciation 

-allopatric

-sympatric

-parapatric 

allopatric - Geographic barrier forms, separating the species into two or more isolated groups.

sympatric - Occurs without geographical isolation. Reproductive barriers arise within the range of one species/population.

parapatric - Speciation that occurs among populations distributed along a cline.

300

When were the 5 documented Mass extinctions?

444, 359, 252, 201, 66 million years ago

300

Which of the following best describes the life cycle of plants? 

  • a. Spores and gametes are both produced by mitosis.
  • b. Spores and gametes are both produced by meiosis.
  • c. Spores are produced by meiosis and gametes are produced by mitosis.
  • d. Spores are produced by mitosis and gametes are produced by meiosis.
  • e. None of the above are correct.

C - Spores are produced by meiosis and gametes are produced by mitosis

300

What are the three mechanisms of plant transport? What is the most efficient?

1. Uptake and loss of water and solutes by individual cells

2. Short-distance transport cell to cell

3. Long-distance (bulk) transport of sap within xylem and phloem at the level of the whole plant - MOST EFFICIENT 

400

What are the 5 requirements that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg to apply?

-no net mutations

-random mating

-no natural selection

-large population size 

-no gene flow 

400
Name three prezygotic RIMs and one postzygotic RIMs

Prezygotic - behavioral isolation, habitat isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, genetic isolation

Postzygotic - reduced hybrid fertility/viability


400

Explain what happened in each of these important dates 

-3.5 billion years ago

-450 million years ago

-250 million years ago

-66 million years ago

  • 3.5 Billion Years Ago: Oldest known fossils; prokaryotes
  • 450 Million Years Ago: Colonization of land by plants and arthropods; first reptiles and amphibians
  • 250 Million Years Ago: Age of reptiles; dinosaurs; first mammals 
  • 66 Million Years Ago: Explosive evolution of flowering plants, birds and mammals
400

What is transpiration? How and where does it occur? 

  • Key: Water molecules are cohesive.
  • Evaporation at the leaf surface creates a transpiration pull. Assisted by capillary action. 
  • Root hairs on roots provide massive surface area for absorption. 
  • Transpiration can be controlled by waxy cuticles (reduces) and stomata (responsive)
400

Name at least 3 differences between a MONOCOT and EUDICOT

monocot - one cotyledon, veins parallel, vascular tissue scattered, no taproot, pollen grain with one opening, floral organs in multiples of three

eudicot - two cotyledons, veins netlike, vascular tissue in a ring, has a taproot, pollen grain with three openings, floral organs in multiples of four or five 

500
List ALL of Mayr's facts and inferences regarding his analysis of darwin's Theory.
  • Fact 1: All species have the ability to reproduce and increase exponentially if all offspring survive.
  • Fact 2: Most populations are normally stable in size.
  • Fact 3: Natural resources are limited.
  • Fact 4: Individuals in a population vary.
  • Fact 5: Much of the observed variation is heritable.


  • Inference 1: Production of more individuals than can survive leads to a struggle for existence. Few offspring survive.
  • Inference 2: Survival in the struggle for existence is not random, but depends in part on inherited traits. Individuals with traits best adapted to their environments are likely to leave more offspring.
  • Inference 3: Unequal ability to survive and reproduce leads to gradual change in populations. Favorable traits accumulate over generations.
500

Explain the four types of species concepts.

(ecological, biological, morphological, and genetic)

morph - species are defined based off physical characteristics

genetic - species are defined based off their DNA sequences 

ecological - defined based off the niche they fill

bio- can they mate and create a viable offspring 

500

compare and contrast monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic 

mono - Taxon includes the common ancestor and all of (and only) its descendants. 

para - Not all of the descendants are included

poly - the most recent common ancestor is not included for all species

500

List at least 3 derived traits of land plants. 

1) Alternation of generations

2) Multicellular and dependent embryos

3) Walled spores produce sporangia 

4) multicellular gametangia 

5) Apical meristems  

500

Why does it make sense that seed-plants have co-evolved with certain animals?

These animals will disperse their seeds and help them reproduce.