Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
100
Define Evolution
change in allele frequencies overtime
100
What is the main differences between monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic trees?
Monophyletic Group: an evolutionary unit that consists of a common ancestor and ALL of its descendants.
Paraphyletic group: an evolutionary unit that consists of a common ancestor and SOME of its descendants.
Polyphyletic group: an evolutionary unit that consists of a taxa with similar traits but no common ancestor.
100
What are the carbon and energy sources of a photoautotroph?
Carbon: CO2, CH4
Energy: Sunlight
100
List the trophic levels from the base of the pyramid to the point.
100
True or False: Exotic invasive species (species that are from another area and grow so large that their population disrupts native populations) is a threat to biodiversity.
true
200
Name some limitations of the fossil record
Habitat Bias: Fossils are more likely to form in areas where sediments are actively being deposited
Abundance Bias: Abundant, widespread, and longer-existing organisms are more likely to leave physical evidence than rare, local, or ephemeral species
Temporal Bias: Older fossils have been exposed to potentially destructive forces for a longer time and are more likely to be pushed further into the Earth’s interior
Taxonomic Bias and Tissue Bias: Harder parts of organisms decompose more slowly
200
What is a synapomorphy?
a shared derived trait in two or more descendents.
200
State the criteria that must be met for coevolution to occur
Occupy the same space at the same time (Geographic overlap)
Interactions between species must affect the other species’ survival and reproduction.
200
What is the major difference between how lophotrochozoans grow v.s ecdysozoans?
Lophotorchozoans grow incrementally while ecdysozoans grow by molting.
200
Explain genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity
Genetic Diversity: the total amount of genetic info with individuals of a population, species or group of species. Represents the adaptive capacity of the group.
Species Diversity: Species richness (number of different species) and the abundance of each species.
- Ecosystem Diversity: a measure of the number of trophic levels as well as the species richness on each trophic level and interactions with abiotic factors.
300
What is the difference between adaptive radiation and mass extinction?
Adaptive Radiation: A single lineage rapidly produces many descendant species with a wide range of adaptive forms
Mass Extinction: A single lineage rapidly produces many descendant species with a wide range of adaptive forms
300
What is the difference between homology and homoplasy? Give examples.
Homology:same source. Similar traits are caused by common ancestry.
Dolphins and ichthyosaurs, water lilies and wild roses.
Homoplasy: same form. Similar traits are caused by anything but common ancestry.
Bats, butterflies and birds
300
Recall information about the snake-newt example and describe how it is an example of an evolutionary arms race
Snakes eat Newts. The Prey (Newts) use toxicity as a defensive mechanism while Snakes are the Predators. Snakes increase resistance as Newts increase toxicity. The only way that this can occur is if a snake tries to eat a Newt but spits it out due to intoxication effects and passes on resistance traits.
300
Recall the main functions of roots, stems, and leaves
Roots: anchorage and absorption
Stems: Transportation of water and nutrients through the plant. Support and conduction.
Leaves: Light absorption. (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
300
Define GPP and NPP in relation to the carbon cycle
Gross Primary Productivity: the total amount of carbon fixed by primary producers in an ecosystem.
Net Primary Productivity: Net carbon gain by primary producers
400
State and explain the criteria for evolution by natural selection.
Those that survive and reproduce don’t do so accidentally. Natural selection is not random nor an accident.
Genetic variation is in populations
Traits must be heritable
Survival and reproductive success varies.
400
Recall some of the natural circumstances and conditions under which exponential population growth occurs. Give an example
After a disaster
Adaptive radiation
Colonization of a new land
400
Recall characteristics of eukaryotes (including protists).
Multicellular or unicellular
Larger cell
Membrane bound organelles (Nuclear envelope, chloroplasts, mitochondria)
Cytoskeleton is more extensive than prokaryotes
Reproduction includes both asexual (mitosis) and sexual (meiosis)
400
Radially symmetric and diploblastic. Live in marine biomes. Use rows of cilia for locomotion. Predators that catch prey with sticky cells called colloblasts. Single body opening. Which does this describe?
a.) Ctenophora (comb jellies)
b.) Cnardia (jellyfish, corals)
c.) Porifera (sponges)
400
Explain this feedback loop related to climate change
Answers can vary
500
Recall and describe species concepts and types of prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers.
Prezygotic:
Temporal Bias: mate at different times
Mechanical Isolation: different anatomy
Gametic Isolation: gametes don’t recognize each other
Habitat Isolation: live in different environments
Behavioral Isolation: Different mating behaviors
Postzygotic:
Hybrid is sterile
Hybrid is not viable
500
Recall and describe the density-dependent factors that limit population size
Predation
disease/parasitism
Competition of resources
Toxic waste
Social behavior (mating)
500
Describe and identify different types of gene transfer
Transformation: the natural uptake of DNA from the environment after another cell had lysised or secreted it.
Transduction: when a virus (phage) picks up DNA from one prokaryotic cell and transfers it to another during infection.
Conjugation: when genetic info is given, via cell-to-cell contact. Via a conjugation tube. Can be a plasmid being copied and given or DNA being copied and given to be integrated into the cell. (recombination)
500
Describe the morphological diversity and phenotypic plasticity of roots, shoots, and leaves
Roots are morphologically diverse by taproot vs fibrous root systems. Phenotypic Plasticity depends on the source of nutrients and its location.
Shoots are morphologically and phenotypically plastic due to competition and the location of the plant.
Leaves are morphologically diverse due to the best way to absorb the most sunlight and phenotypic plasticity occurs due to the availability of sunlight/nutrients.
500
Give a thorough example of a threat to biodiversity
Habitat destruction (forests/ dams)
Habitat degradation: reduction in the quality of a habitat (pet cats being released, traffic noises, etc.)
- Habitat fragmentation: dividing contiguous habitats into small, isolated parts.
Overexploitation: the excess removal of animals from their natural habitat.
Exotic invasive species: species that are exotic (from another area) and invasive (grow so large that their population disrupts native populations)
Pollution: affects fish
Climate change: change in water pH due to oxygen levels causes corals to become bleached. Can also lead to habitat loss (geographic range changes.)