Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Where do repressors bind to prevent transcription
operators
What type of chemical modification decreases the rate of transcription?
Methylation
What are oncogenes?
Cancer-causing genes
What is the name for viruses that infect bacteria?
Bacteriophage
What type of operon has transcription normally off
Inducible operon
Which type of regulation occurs first?
1. Post-translational modifications
2. RNA processing
3. Chemical Modifications (epigenetics)
3. Chemical Modifications (epigenetics)
What comes first: Determination or Differentiation
Determination
What do proviruses do during an infection?
They incorporate their DNA into the host cell's
What molecule activates an inactive repressor
co-repressor
What are enhancers?
Distal control elements
What genes control pattern formation in late embryo, larva, and adult stages?
Bacterial viruses that only reproduce using the lytic cycle are called?
Virulent phages
Inducible enzymes usually function in what type of pathway?
Catabolic
What percentage of the genome is transcibed? What percentage of RNA is translated?
75% and <2%
What is induction?
When signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby cells
What are the name of proteins that are used to build up viral shells?
capsomeres
If the lac operon is exposed to a high presence of lactose and there are low glucose levels in the cell what happens to transcription levels of the lac genes?
They increase by a lot. High levels of lactose cause allolactose a co-repressor to bind to the repressor that is normally blocking transcription. This opens the lac operon for RNA pol. Low levels of glucose cause cAMP to bind to CAP which acts as an activator greatly increasing transcription levels.
What sequence on mRNA determines how quickly it is degraded?
3' UTR (untranslated region)
What are maternal substances in the egg that influence early development?
cytoplasmic determinants
Describe how retroviruses reproduce?
They use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA to DNA that can then be transcribed and translated in the host cell
CRISPR-cas is mainly composed of two things. What are they? What two methods do they use to repair genomes?
1. gene specific DNA
2. cas proteins
1. Insert donor DNA
2. Join the ends of broken double stranded DNA