M1&2
What are the criteria for life?
1. Are composed of cells
2. Grow
3. Requore energy to power activities
4. Maintain stable internal environment
5. Respond to their environment
6. Contain hereditary information in their DNA.
Describe the pH scale and what it measures
pH scale meaures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The scale is 0-14; 0-6 = acidic, 7 = neutral, 8-14 = alkaline. The lower the pH the more acidic. The higher the pH the more alkaline.
Describe the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have cytoplasm, ribosomes, a cell membrane, and DNA as genetic material. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bounded nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles that prokaryotic cells do not.
What is the electron carrier molecule(s) of photosynthesis? What about cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis: NADPH
Cellular respiration: NADH and FADH2
What are Mendel's Principles of Genetics (be sure to use the set with updated terminology)?
The traits of an organism are determined by its genes. Each gene has alternate forms called alleles.
Each organism has two alleles that make up the genotype for a given trait. If the two alleles are the same, the organism is homozygous for that trait. If the two alleles are different, the organism is heterozygous for that trait.
In sexual reproduction, each parent contributes only one of its alleles to its offspring. The separation of allele in parents occurs during meiosis - the forming of gametes. This is known as Mendel’s Law of Segregation. The union of gametes during fertilization reunites allele pairs in offspring.
If a dominant allele for a genotype exists in an organisms, the phenotype is determined by that allele. This is known as Mendel’s Law of Dominance.
Briefly explain the scientific method.
Making observations.
Develop a hypothesis to explain those observations or to answer a question.
Designs experiments to test the hypothesis.
After hypothesis has been tested by a significant amount of data and it is consistent it becomes a theory.
With generations of data it could become a scientific law.
What are the basic building blocks of proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides?
Proteins --> amino acids
Lipids --> glycerol
Polysaccharides --> monosaccharides
What are the 12 major life functions cells must perform?
Ingestion, digestion, respiration, transport, homeostasis, synthesis, secretion, excretion, egestion, irritability, locomotion, and reproduction.
What is the final electron acceptor of the ECT in photosynthesis? What about cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis: H2O --> O2
Cellular Respiration: O2 --> H2O
A woman is heterozygous for the ability to roll her tongue when extended. If she marries a man who cannot roll his tongue, what percentage of their children will be able to roll their tongues? Assume the allele for rolling your tongue is dominant.
50%
Name and describe the three subatomic particles. For each particle, state where it is located in the atom and what electric charge it has (if any).
Proton, in the nucleus of the atom, positive charge
Neutron, in the nucleus of the atom, neutral charge
Electron, orbiting the nucleus of the atom, negative charge
When fruits and vegetables are imported into the United States from a foreign country, they are always very closely inspected for insects, even though most insects are not really harmful. Why is this inspection done?
If an insect not tative to the U.S. were carried into the country through foreign fruits and vegetables, it could ruin the balance of the U.S. ecosystem.
How are osmosis and diffusion related? What is the only substance that moves by osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. Water is the only molecule that moves by osmosis.
What is interphase? What are the phases of mitosis and what happens in each?
Interphase is the time when the cell is NOT replicating but maintaining normal cell activities (think of the functions of the cell we learned about in M4). The cell spends most of its time in interphase. Mitosis is broken down into four phases (PMAT):
Prophase:
Sister chromatids condense and attach at the centromere.
Microtubules and centrioles form the aster. Out of the aster, the spindle fibers develop the mitotic spindle.
The chromosomes move to the equatorial plane.
Metaphase:
Chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane
Spindles begin pulling on the chromosomes
Anaphase: The sister chromatids split each moving towards the centriole.
Telophase:
Plasma membrane constricts and separates
Chromosomes are surrounded by a new nucleus
Daughter cells are completely produced
Mitosis ends with cytokinesis (the process in which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided into two).
In M8 we discussed the Geological column. Was this evidence for or against macroevolution, or was it inconclusive? Briefly explain why.
What six biologically important elements make up most of living matter?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur
In the water cycle of an ocean shore ecosystem, more water evaporates from the ocean than falls back into the ocean in the form of rain. Why doesn’t the ocean lose water?
The ocean does not lose water because the land gets the excess water, and that excess water flows back into the ocean via surface runoff, or from rivers and streams.
What type of cell carries out photosynthesis? What about cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis: Plant cells
Cellular Respiration: Animal and plant cells
What are the phases of meiosis and what happens in each phase? Does Meiosis I or Meiosis II most resemble mitosis?
Meiosis I:
Prophase I: centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell, the mitotic spindle forms, sister chromatids attach at the centromere.
Metaphase I: A single microtubules attaches at each homologue centromere, chromosomes line up on equatorial plane.
Anaphase I: microtubules pull apart the homologs.
Telophase I: The plasma membrane constricts and the chromosomes become surrounded by a nucleus.
Meiosis II:
Prophase II: Both cells duplicate centrioles and form spindles.
Metaphase II: The chromosomes of each cell line up on the equatorial plane.
Anaphase II: The microtubules pull the duplicates from the originals.
Telophase II: The PM constricts and nuclei form.
Meiosis ends with cytokinesis.
Meiosis II most closely resembles mitosis except there are two cells undergoing meiosis II while only one undergoes mitosis.
In M8 we discussed the fossil record. Was this evidence for or against macroevolution, or was it inconclusive? Briefly explain why.
Against; No clear intermediate links.
What kind of reaction is used for building disaccharides, polysaccharides, fats, and proteins? What kind of reaction can break these substances down?
Dehydration reactions build up these molecules; hydrolysis reactions break them down.
What is nitrogen fixation? What type of organisms perform it? How does nitrogen get back into the atmosphere? What type of organisms do that?
Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is converted into nitrogen-containing molecules that are useful to most organisms in creation. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria perform it.
Denitrification bacteria convert nitrates to atmospheric nitrogen through a process called denitrification.
What is the equation for photosynthesis? What about the equation for cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis: CO2 + H20 + sunlight --> O2 + C6H12O6
Cellular Respiration: O2 + C6H12O6 --> CO2 + H20 + energy (ATP)
What is the difference between a haploid and diploid cell? If the haploid number is 20 what is the diploid number? If the diploid number is 42 what will the haploid number be?
A diploid cell has the NORMAL number of chromosomes and is found in most all cells. This number will vary depending on the species. A haploid cell has HALF the normal number of chromosomes and is ONLY found in the gametes.
If the haploid number is 20 the diploid number is 40
If the diploid number is 42 the haploid number is 11
In M8 we discussed structural homology. Was this evidence for or against macroevolution, or was it inconclusive? Briefly explain why.
Against; similar structures are not the result from a common ancestor, because the similar structures are determined by quite different genes.