Chapter 6
This depressive disorder is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or emptiness.
Major Depressive Disorder
What term is increasingly used to refer to Conversion Disorder in clinical circles and in DSM-5-TR?
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder
In a rapidly changing society where traditional values are eroding and economic disparities are widening, a successful businessman loses his fortune overnight due to a financial crisis. Feeling disconnected and hopeless, he jumps off a bridge, unable to cope with the sudden loss of his social status and financial security. Which type of suicide best describes the businessman's action?
Anomic suicide
What neurotransmitter is primarily affected by alcohol, leading to relaxation?
GABA
In individuals with anxiety disorders, what neurotransmitter system is often associated with hyperactivity?
Noradrenergic system
What term describes persistent and intense grief lasting for more than 6 months after the loss of a loved one?
Prolonged Grief Disorder
Which disorder involves physical symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions, but the symptoms are inconsistent with known medical diseases?
Conversion Disorder
A person jumps off a bridge with the clear intention of ending their life due to overwhelming feelings of despair and hopelessness. Which term best describes the person's deliberate action of causing their own death?
Suicide
Which group of drugs are generally safer and less likely to lead to intoxication, tolerance effects, and withdrawal reactions compared to barbiturates?
Benzodiazepines
Julia experiences a surge of anxiety and discomfort whenever she encounters unfamiliar situations or meets new people. Which motivational system is likely to be influencing Julia's response to novelty?
BIS
This disorder is typically diagnosed in children and adolescents and is intended to address severe temper outbursts and chronic irritability.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
What are the phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome?
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
What is the term for the process of examining past events or behaviors to understand causes or consequences of suicide?
Retrospective analysis
What is the term for the brain and body's need for ever-larger doses of a drug to produce desired effects?
Tolerance
Which brain structure, often referred to as the "emotional brain," plays a central role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety?
Amygdala
Low activity of which two neurotransmitter chemicals has been strongly linked to unipolar depression?
norepinephrine and serotonin
What are the primary agents involved in the immune response
Leukocytes
During a therapy session, a client expresses feelings of hopelessness and mentions having persistent thoughts of ending their life. The therapist notices scars on the client's arms, indicating a history of self-injury. Which term best describes the client's behavior of intentionally harming themselves without the intent to die?
Nonsuicidal self-injury
What is the immediate danger of opioid use that can cause death by paralyzing breathing?
Overdose
Dysregulation of which neuropeptide signaling pathway has been linked to heightened stress sensitivity and increased susceptibility to anxiety disorders?
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF)
Name one of the brain structures associated with abnormalities in depression-related circuits.
prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and subgenual cingulate
Mark, a 25-year-old man, was involved in a car accident and suffered a minor neck injury. Despite the injury healing completely, Mark continues to complain of severe neck pain and requests ongoing medical treatment and disability benefits. Which disorder is Mark most likely engaging in?
Malingering
What type of suicide is characterized by individuals sacrificing their lives for the well-being of a group or society?
Altruistic suicide
What type of conditioning plays a role in reinforcing drug use by creating an expectancy for continued use?
Classical conditioning
What is the primary source of norepinephrine in the brain, associated with hyperactivity in individuals with anxiety disorders?
Locus coeruleus