Brooks
Hypothesized point at which computer intelligence exceeds that of humans, which leads to computers applying their own intelligence to improving themselves
What is the Singularity?
With this stance, we use the laws of nature (physics, chemistry, etc.) to predict how a system will behave.
What is the Physical Stance?
According to Pessoa, this is a property that is observed when multiple elements interact that is not present at the level of the elements.
What is Emergence?
Thomas Nagle famously asked this question to test whether something is conscious.
According to Ruha Benjamin, these are generally considered a fleeting interruption of an otherwise benign system, not an enduring and constitutive feature of social life.
What are Glitches?
Brooks is often associated with this kind of AI that runs on a set of hierarchical behaviors, governed directly by sensor data.
What is Behavioral AI?
With this stance, we attribute mental states to entities–such as belief and desires–and then use a common sense theory of these mental states to predict how the entity will behave.
What is the Intentional Stance?
When a system has this property, a small change in one condition can make big change in a subsequent condition.
What is Complexity?
The idea of machines that are, like us, conscious, self-aware, truly autonomous beings.
What is Strong AI?
Golnaz Tabibnia and Dan Radecki write about how exposure to stress and fear helps build this.
What is Resilience?
This includes the creature itself, the world in which it is, its own Wirkwelt (active world), the effects it can have on the world, and its Merkwelt.
What is Umwelt?
With this stance, we predict behavior based on our understanding of the purpose that a system is supposed to fulfill.
What is the Design Stance?
Decision-making and processing are distributed among components rather than being controlled by a single dominating entity or ruler.
What is Decentralization?
Plato's model of human behavior in which reasoning is pulled by two different horses, one for rational desires, the other for irrational desires.
What is the Charioteer Model?
1. A robot may not injure a human or, through inaction, allow a human to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey orders given by humans, except when they would conflict with the First law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as this does not conflict with the First or Second laws.
What are Asimov's Laws?
Artificial Intelligence based machines get really good at execution of tasks, so much so that they are super human at getting things done in a complex world, but they do not share human values which leads to problems.
What is Misaligned Values?
This stance added by Professor Swanson uses what an entity fears, trusts, hates, etc. to predict behavior.
What is the Emotional Stance?
When a conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus to which it was paired in the past, the CS gradually stops eliciting the conditioned response.
What is Extinction Learning?
David Chalmers called the following question by this name: certain physical processes in the human body and brain give rise to the conscious mind–but how and why, exactly, do they do that?
What is the Hard Problem of Consciousness?
Degree of interdependence of the many parts that comprise a system of interest.
What is Modularity?
The number of transistors that can fit on a fixed area of a semiconductor doubles about every 18 months (Hint: related to the idea of exponentialism).
What is Moore's Law?
This person came up with the stances, or different kinds of explanations that are available to us when we try to explain the processes changing our world.
Who is Daniel Dennett?
All physical systems can be studied as multiple levels, from quarks up to the object of interest.
What is Levels of Analysis?
This term refers to an issue with the charioteer model because it just delegates the problem of “mind” to another representation of the mind.
What is the Homunculus Problem?
This framework for ethical AI focuses on three key concepts: accountability, responsibility, and transparency.
What are the Asilomar Principles?