Brooks
Hypothesized point at which computer intelligence exceeds that of humans, which leads to computers applying their own intelligence to improving themselves
What is the Singularity?
With this stance, we use the laws of nature (physics, chemistry, etc.) to predict how a system will behave.
What is the Physical Stance?
1. A robot may not injure a human or, through inaction, allow a human to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey orders given by humans, except when they would conflict with the First law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as this does not conflict with the First or Second laws.
What are Asimov's Laws?
According to Pessoa, this is a property that is observed when multiple elements interact that is not present at the level of the elements.
What is Emergence?
AI that are autonomous agents that operate much like beings in the world.
What is Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) according to Brooks?
With this stance, we attribute mental states to entities–such as belief and desires–and then use a common sense theory of these mental states to predict how the entity will behave.
What is the Intentional Stance?
Processes considered effortless, nonconscious, involuntary, or possibly obligatory.
What is Automaticity?
Beliefs aim to fit the world; Desires aim to fit the world to them.
What is Direction of Fit?
AI appear to do amazingly skilled things and achieve great accomplishments. However, people tend to see these achievements and generalize their abilities, highlighting this distinction discussed by Chomsky and Brooks.
What is Performance vs. Competence?
With this stance, we predict behavior based on our understanding of the purpose that a system is supposed to fulfill.
What is the Design Stance?
When a conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus to which it was paired in the past, the CS gradually stops eliciting the conditioned response.
What is Extinction Learning?
The theory that thinks of concepts as necessary and sufficient conditions.
What is the Classical Theory of Concepts?
Artificial Intelligence based machines get really good at execution of tasks, so much so that they are super human at getting things done in a complex world, but they do not share human values which leads to problems.
What is Misaligned Values?
This stance added by Professor Swanson uses what an entity fears, trusts, hates, etc. to predict behavior.
What is the Emotional Stance?
Golnaz Tabibnia and Dan Radecki write about how exposure to stress and fear helps build this.
What is Resilience?
Acoording to Ruha Benjamin, these are generally considered a fleeting interruption of an otherwise benign system, not an enduring and constitutive feature of social life.
What are Glitches?
Physical and market limitations prevent technology from growing at the same speed forever, disproving this idea.
What is Exponentialism?
This person came up with the stances, or different kinds of explanations that are available to us when we try to explain the processes changing our world.
Who is Daniel Dennett?
If a habitual action is uncalled for, it should be possible to exercise this to recalibrate it, modify it, or call it off completely.
What is Cognitive Control?
According to Alison Gopnik, language, libraries, and LLMs are all this, meaning they are ways to pass on information to future generations.
What is Cultural Technology?