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100
What is Biology? What makes something living? How would you use the scientific method to determine if something is living?
What is Biology: the study of live 8 characteristics of living organisms: composed of cells, use energy, respond to the eviroment, maintain homeostasis, grow and develop, have genetic material, evolve, have a common ancestor. Use the Scientific Method: Observation, Question, Hypothesize, Predict, Test, Revise
100
What are enzymes and their role in energy activation? Understand Competitive vs Noncompetitive inhibitors.
Enzymes: proteins that lower the activation energy and aid a system to do work, very specific (selective), allow bonds to break/form to allow reactions to happen Competitive - inhibitor binds to active site Noncompetitive - inhibitor binds to enzyme at the allosteric site, causing active site to change shape Metabolism: sum of all chemical reactions
100
What are mutations? How do mutations occur?
Mutations: heritable change in the genetic mateial Point mutations - mutations altered at a single base Base substitution or addition/ deletion Chromosomal mutations - deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
100
What is the gene pool? What is the difference between micro-and macro-evolution/
Gene pool: the sum of all alleles in a given population Micro-evolution: change in genetic makeup Macro-evolution: evolutionary changes that create a new species
100
The transcribing enzyme is Ligase. DNA polymerase. RNA polymerase. amino-acyl transferase.
C - RNA polymerase
200
What makes one atom different than another? Understand the different bonds that occur as a result of chemical reactions. What is water? Understand the properties of water.
What is all atoms differ in atomic structure: Atomic Number = Number of Protons Atomic Mass = Number of protons + Neutrons Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen Bonds (Polar vs. Nonpolar bonds) Water: H2O, Polar molecule with polar covalent bonds Hydrophobicity vs hydrophilicity
200
What is the Redox Reaction? Understand Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Oxidation - loss of electron Reduction - gain of electron
200
What is cell reproduction and why is it essential? Know the cell cycle.
The production of new cells. Essential for cell growth and development, healing, cell maintenance. Mitosis and Meiosis
200
What is ecology?
Ecology: the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment
200
Of the ____ different possible codons, ____ specify amino acids and ____ signal stop. A) 20, 17, 3 B) 180, 20, 60 C) 64, 1, 3 D) 61, 60, 1
C - 64, 1, 3
300
What are all four classes of Macromolecules? (Context of monomers and polymers) What are the four structural levels of proteins?
Carbohydrates: function - energy monomer - monosaccharide polymer - polysaccharide Lipids: Function - store energy Monomer - glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails polymer - lipid Protein: Function - conduct work Monomer - amino acid polymer - polypeptide chain Nucleic Acid: Function - store genetic information monomer - nucleotide Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary structures polymer: Nucleic Acid
300
What is Photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
300
What were Mendel's Laws? Know how to use a Punnett Square.
Law of Inheritance - Acquired traits are transmitted from parents to offspring Law of Segregation - two alleles of a gene separate during the formation of gametes so that every gamete receives only one allele Law of Independent Assortment - the alleles of each gene assort independently of each other during gamete formation Homozygous Dominant Homozygous Recessive Heterozygous Monohybrid vs Dihybrid Cross
300
What is population genetics? How does density and dispersion effect the regulation of population growth?
Population Genetics: the study off factors that affect population size and how these factors change over space and time Density - the number of organisms in a given unit area Dispersion - distribution factors of individuals within a population
300
A DNA strand with the sequence AACGTAACG is transcribed. What is the sequence of the mRNA molecule synthesized? A) AACGTAACG B) UUGCAUUGC C) AACGUAACG D) TTGCATTGC
B) UUGCAUUGC
400
What is the Cell theory? Compare/Contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Know the organelles and their functions. Be able to differentiate between plant and animal cells.
Cell Theory: Composed of one or more cells, smallest unit of life, new cells form from pre-existing cells via cell division, all cells are similar in chemical composition, most chemical reactions of life occur within cells, genetic information is stored and replicated here Prokaryotes: single celled, no membrane bound organelles Eukaryotes: multi-cellular, membrane bound organelles,complex Both: contain genetic material, ribosomes, Cytosol, Cytoskeleton, Nucleus, Ribosomes, Rough and Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Plasma Membrane, Mitochondria, Extracellular matrix, Plant cells: cell wall, chloroplasts, no lysosomes, no centrioles, square/rectangular, vacuole
400
What is DNA and RNA? What is its structures and role in the cell?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid - information, replication, transmission, variation; pentose sugar, double stranded, AT, GC Ribonucleic Acid - ribose sugar, single strand, AU, GC
400
What are the hypothesis as to how life started?
Spontaneous Generation Big Bang Solar Nebular Extraterrestrial Deep-Sea Vent Creationism Four Overlapping Stages
400
A cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many daughter cells are created? ___ Each daughter cell has ___ chromosomes. 2, 10 10, 2 1, 10 2, 20
2, 10
400
A heterozygous individual for brown eyes is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual for green eyes. What does the F1 generation look like?
Bb, Bb, bb, bb
500
What is the function/ purpose of the plasma membrane? Be able to differentiate between the transport mechanisms.
Plasma membrane: separates the internal and external environments in a cell Made up of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and carbohydrates (hydrophilic, phosphate head + hydrophobic, saturated fatty acid tails) Diffusion - movement of solute Passive Transport - movement of molecules from high to low concentration (no energy required) Facilitated Transport - movement of molecules aided by proteins (no energy required) Osmosis - movement of water Active Transport - movement of molecules from low to high concentrations with help of transport proteins (energy required) Endocytosis - absorption of material Exocytosis - excretion of material
500
What is the central dogma? What are the three types of RNA?
DNA --transcription-->RNA --translation--> protein mRNA - messenger RNA; template for protein synthesis rRNA - ribosomal RNA; amino acid assembly tRNA - transfer RNA; protein assembly
500
What is evolution? How does Darwin's theory of natural selection fit into the theory of evolution?
Evolution: the change in allelic frequency within a population over a long period of time Darwin's Natural Selection: "survival of the fittest," those who survive in their environment pass on their advantageous traits
500
A cell with a diploid number of 24 undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell? 6 12 24 48
12
500
17 Cl 35 How many neutrons are present?
18