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Exam 1
DNA Replication/Cell Cycle
Genetics
Cell Death
Transcription/Translat
100
Who is Robert Hooke?
English microscopist; first person to use the term “cells”
100
What is an Okazaki fragment?
Discontinuous stretches on lagging strand during DNA replication
100
What part of the pea plant did Mendel remove in his experiments?
Stamen
100
What is a procaspase?
Inactive full-length form of a caspase
100
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA-(transcription)->RNA-(translation)->protein
200
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA
DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid; double strand; deoxyribose sugar; A/C/G/U RNA-ribonucleic acid; single strand; ribose sugar; A/C/G/T
200
What is crossing over?
Exchange of genetic material that occurs at the chiasmsa
200
Give an example of Incomplete dominance
Snapdragon flower
200
What are the two types of regulated cell death?
Intrinsic and extrinsic
200
What specifically initiates translation?
AUG start codon
300
What is the function of a lysosome?
Intracellular degradation
300
Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis-asexual; two daughter cells; diploid Meiosis-sexual; 2 nuclear divisions; 4 daughter cells; haploid
300
What is Mendel’s 1st law?
The Law of Segregation: The two members of a gene pair (alleles) segregate (separate) from each other in the formation of gametes.
300
List one initiator caspase.
caspase-8, caspase-10, caspase-9, caspase-2
300
List two things needed for transcription
DNA template OR nucleoside triphosphates (ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP), OR RNA polymerase
400
Compare and contrast a nonpolar vs. polar covalent bond
Nonpolar-share electron equally; difference in electronegativity less than 0.5 Polar-do not share electron equally; difference in electronegativity greater than 0.5
400
What is a translocation? Which example of a translocation did I give in class?
Translocation is the joining of nonhomologus chromosomes. The fusion protein BCR-abl is an example of a translocation that causes leukemia
400
What is hybrid vigor?
A cross between two different breeds that result in a stronger, larger phenotype
400
What are the components of the apoptosome?
Apaf-1, cytochrome c, caspase-9
400
Describe four types of mutations that can occur in polypeptide sequences
Silent mutation-no effect on amino acids missense mutation-amino acid substitution nonsense mutation-causes a stop codon frame-shift mutation-insertion or deletions cause a different "reading frame"
500
Draw on the board how a polymer is broken
See textbook diagram
500
On the board draw the three theories of DNA replication
See textbook diagram
500
When do you use a test cross?
A test cross is used to determine whether an individual is homozygous or heterozygous for a trait
500
Caspase is the abbreviation for what?
Cysteine-aspartate protease
500
Describe the three kinds of RNA involved in protein synthesis
Messenger RNA (mRNA)-carries copy of a DNA sequence to the site of protein synthesis at the ribosome Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-catalyzes peptide bonds between amino acids Transfer RNA (tRNA)-carries amino acids for polypeptide assembly