Terms 1-8
The ______ was a religious movement to reform the Catholic Church and resulted in the formation of Protestant churches.
The Reformation
The _______ is an industry whose labor force consists of family units or individuals working at home with their own equipment.
Cottage Industry
A soldier who fought primarily for money.
Mercenary
The ______, sometimes called the 'Age of Enlightenment ’, was a late 17th- and 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism.
The Enlightenment
Author of The Prince and a famous politician, he wrote about how to get -and keep- power. According to him, a leader must do good when able but be ready to do evil when necessary. "The end justifies the means” was his main belief.
Niccolo Machiavelli
At its most basic, ______ is the faith tradition that focuses on the figure of Jesus Christ. Their faith centers on beliefs regarding the birth, life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Christianity
A _____ ______ is an economic system where two forces, known as supply and demand, direct the production of goods and services.
Market Economy
A form of government in which the leader is not a king, and certain citizens have the right to vote.
The ______ is the name given to a period of great change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. It replaced the Greek view of nature that had dominated science for almost 2,000 years.
Scientific Revolution
______ thought that the best form of government was one in which the legislative, executive, and judicial powers were separate and kept each other in check to prevent any branch from becoming too powerful.
Charles Montesquieu
The religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; instead of the Catholic belief that faith and good works led to salvation, Luther believed that salvation could only be achieved through faith alone.
Lutheranism
Principally, _______ is an economic concept – the integration of markets, trade, and investments with few barriers to slow the flow of products and services between nations.
Globalization
The state of being saved (going to heaven), through faith alone or through faith and good works.
Salvation
Generally described as taking place from the 14th to the 17th century, the ______ promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art.
The Renaissance
________ used a theory of natural rights to argue that governments have obligations to their citizens, have only limited powers over their citizens, and can ultimately be overthrown by citizens under certain circumstances.
John Locke
Process of being justified, or being deemed worthy of salvation, by God.
Justification
_______ is a way of governing that depends on the will of the people.
Democracy
A member of the middle class who lived in a city or town.
Burgher
True or False:
In 1492, Columbus, the famous explorer, reached the Bahamas.
False; he reached the West Indies, not the Bahamas.
Called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism, _______ did more than any other individual in the fourteenth century to develop humanism. He believed strongly in using pure classical Latin, and set a search in motion across Europe to look for forgotten Latin manuscripts.
Francesco Petrarch
An intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the humanities which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history.
Humanism
Artistic techniques are used to give the effect of three-dimensional depth to two-dimensional surfaces.
Perspective
Painting done on fresh wet plaster with water-based paints
Fresco
True or False:
In 1554, Catholic ruler Mary I began persecuting Protestants in England.
True. Mary earned herself the nickname Bloody Mary because of how earnestly she prosecuted Protestants.
_________ was a monk in the Catholic Church, before realizing that he didn’t agree with the Church on how to get to heaven. He famously posted his Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517.
Martin Luther
Muslims are monotheistic and worship one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is known as Allah. Followers of _______, called Muslims, aim to live a life of complete submission to Allah.
Islam
_______ is based on the idea that common or public ownership of resources and means of production leads to a more equal society.
Socialism
A movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning (humanism), with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church.
Christian Humanism
True or False:
October 31, 1517; Martin Luther displays his ninety-five theses on a church in Wittenburg, Germany.
True.
_______ was a German printer whose radical invention of moveable type encouraged scholarly research and stimulated the literate public‘s desire to gain knowledge.
Johannes Gutenburg
______ is often thought of as an economic system in which private actors own and control property in accord with their interests, and demand and supply freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society. The essential feature of ______ is the motive to make a profit
Capitalism
______ _______ is defined as having a socialist economy in which the means of production are socially and collectively owned or controlled, alongside a liberal democratic political system of government.
Democratic Socialism
to declare something invalid
Annul
True or False:
In 1527, French mercenary troops hired by Charles I pillaged Rome.
False, the mercenaries were German.
Said to be the model “Renaissance man”, _________ was an artist, scientist, inventor, and visionary. He was one of the most famous people of his time, with a thirst for knowledge that led him to master the art of painting realistically, something revolutionary in his time, and dissecting human bodies to learn about man’s anatomy.
Leonardo Da Vinci
________ is an economic practice by which governments used their economies to augment state power at the expense of other countries.
Mercantilism
A release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death.
Indulgence
What is a ghetto?
A district in a city where Jews who would not convert to Christianity were required to live.
True or False:
1455; Bible is the first book to be printed in the moveable type invented by Johannes Gutenberg.
True. The invention of movable type was revolutionary.
_______ who was one of the most well-known Christian humanists of his time, believed that a change was needed in the way the Catholic Church was run. In his satire The Praise of Folly, he humorously critiqued society’s moral and religious state, and called for a simpler, purer faith. Wittily, the people of his time said, “________ laid the egg that Luther hatched”.
Desderius Erasmus