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Where does transcription and translation occur?
transcription: cell's nucleus, translation: ribosome
What are the 6 functions of the plasma membrane?
anchor proteins, recognize proteins as normal or abnormal, catalyze reactions, bind and respond to ligands, transport specific solutes, regulate water flow and solutes
What are the characteristics of the plasma membrane?
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport
What are the four factors affecting movement of substances across the plasma membrane?
Temperature, Molecule Size, Concentration Gradient, and Electrical Forces
what is ground substance?
It is transparent, colorless, and fills the space between fibers and cells
What is the function of cytosol?
Accounts for almost 70% of the total cell volume and assists the movement of different organelles
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissues?
avascular, lie on the basement membrane, exhibits polarity where the apical side faces into the body cavity or lumen, and there is an absence of extracellular matrix, covers and lines organs and body cavity walls, closely packed cells, rapid cell division
What happens to a cell during isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?
isotonic: equilibrium, hypotonic: gains water, hypertonic: loses water
What cell does not have a nucleus?
Red Blood Cell
what are the stages of the cell cycle?
G0, G1, S, G2, and M phase
what are the function of tumor suppressor genes AND proto-oncogenes?
Tumor Suppressor Genes: Regulate the process of cell division, Protooncogenes: Normal genes that help cell grow
What are characteristics of neurons?
Are highly specialized for the processing and transmission of cellular signals
what are the phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
what is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Apoptosis is regulated cell death while necrosis is the death of tissues by external factors; apoptosis is beneficial while necrosis isn't
what is antiport, symport, uniport, and cotransport, and countertransport?
antiport: transport two molecules in different directions, symport: transports two molecules simultaneously in the same direction, uniport: transports one molecule in one direction, cotransport: two substances move in the same direction at the same time, countertransport: one substance moves in while another moves out
What are the 6 functions of glial cells?
Astrocytes: Maintain blood brain barrier, Ependymal cells: Line spinal and cord and produces cerebrospinal fluid, Oligodendrocytes: Myelinate CNS Axons, Microglia: Remove dead cells and pathogens, Satellite cells: Regulate neurotransmitter levels, and Schwann cells: Myelinate PNS neurons
What are the 4 characteristics of muscle tissue?
What are intercalated discs?
identifying lines that play vital roles in bonding cardiac muscle cells together and in transmitting signals between cells
What are the 3 types of protein fibers?
collagen fibers provide strength and flexibility, elastic fibers stretch and recoil to their original strength, and reticular fibers join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
What is dysplasia, anaplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, atrophy, and hypertrophy?
dysplasia: disordered growth, anaplasia: highly malignant cancer, metaplasia: change from one type of cell to another, neoplasia: tumor growth, atrophy: loss of function in the cells, and hypertrophy: enlargement of cells
What are the functions of epithelial tissues?
Filtration, Diffusion, Secretion, Absorption, Protection, and Stretching
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
most abundant, composed on extracellular matrix that separates cells of the tissue, is vascular, contains fibers, binds together and supports other body tissues, protects and insulates internal organs
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
What is cell differentiation?
process in which a stem cell develops or matures from one type to more differentiated/ distinct cell