Unit 1
Which of the following is not a property of water?
A) High specific heat
B) Cohesion and adhesion
C) Conducts electricity
D) Universal solvent
C) Conducts electricity
* The 4 properties are
1. High specific heat
2. Cohesion/adhesion
3. Universal solvent
4. Expansion upon freezing
Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?
A) Mitochondria
B) Nucleus
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Chloroplast
C) Golgi apparatus
Which of the following cannot simply diffuse across a cell membrane?
A) Oxygen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Glucose
D) Water
C) Glucose
* only small or nonpolar substances can move across a membrane without the use of membrane proteins
Name all of the "players" of DNA replication.
- SSBP
- DNA helicase
- DNA polymerase I/III
- RNA primer
- DNA ligase
Compare hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules.
- Hydrophobic: no partial charges, similar electronegativity among all atoms in molecule; equal sharing of electrons (nonpolar); hates water
- Hydrophilic: partial charges, at least one atom has a high electronegativity; unequal sharing of electrons (polar); loves water
What determines an atom's reactivity and whether it will seek interactions with other atoms?
The valence electrons! (electrons on the outermost shell)
Which of the following is true about cholesterol and phospholipids?
Answer Choices:
A) Cholesterol is a type of phospholipid that helps form the cell membrane's structure.
B) Phospholipids are mainly responsible for energy storage, while cholesterol regulates membrane fluidity.
C) Cholesterol helps maintain membrane fluidity, while phospholipids form the basic structure of the cell membrane.
D) Both cholesterol and phospholipids are primarily involved in storing genetic information.
C) Cholesterol helps maintain membrane fluidity, while phospholipids form the basic structure of the cell membrane.
An endergonic reaction _______ energy, has a lot of energy in its _________, and has little energy in its ________.
Exergonic reactions _______ energy, little energy in _______, and a lot of energy in _______.
- requires; products; reactants
- releases; products; reactants
Which of the following are key features of the transduction stage in cellular signaling? (Select all that apply)
A) The signal is amplified.
B) The signal is converted into a form that can trigger a cellular response
C) The cell divides.
D) A series of proteins inside the cell are activated
A, B (2nd messenger), D (phosphorylation cascade)
What is a characteristic of a missense mutation?
A) It results in no change to the protein sequence.
B) It changes one amino acid in the protein sequence.
C) It causes the protein to be shorter than normal.
D) It leads to the insertion of extra nucleotides in the DNA sequence.
B) It changes one amino acid in the protein sequence.
Given the atomic number of 9 and the mass number of 19:
Tell me the element, number of protons, electrons, & neutrons.
- Fluorine
-9 protons
-9 electrons
- 10 neutrons
How do saturated/unsaturated fats differ?
- Saturated fats: full of hydrogens, solid at room temp, no double bonds/kinks
- Unsaturated fats: lacking hydrogens, liquid at room temp, double bonds/kinks
What are the key differences between passive and active transport?
Passive transport does not require energy and moves substances from high to low concentration, following the concentration gradient. Examples include diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient, from low to high concentration. Examples include the sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
Define the following types of cell signaling methods:
1) Endocrine signaling
2) Synaptic signaling
3) Paracrine signaling
1) Method of signaling where ligands, referred to as hormones, are secreted into the bloodstream and travel to distant target cells
2) Method of signaling where ligands, referred to as neurotransmitters, are secreted by neuron cells
3) Method of signaling where ligands are secreted and travel to neighboring cells nearby (short distance)
Compare DNA replication and transcription.
DNA replication: used for cell division; DNA polymerase; creates two DNA strands
Transcription: used for protein synthesis; RNA polymerase; creates one RNA strand
1. If the [OH-] = 1 x 10-2 M, then:
[H+] =
pH =
2. If the [H+] = 1 x 10-10 M, then:
[OH-] =
pH =
1.
[H+] = 1 x 10-12
pH =12
2.
[OH-] = 1 x 10-4
pH = 10
Define all levels of protein folding.
1. Primary: sequence of amino acids bonded by peptide bonds
2. Secondary: hydrogen bonds of the polypeptide backbone (beta-sheet/alpha-helix)
3. Tertiary: R-group interactions (van der waals, ionic bonds..)
4. Quaternary: 2+ polypeptides coming together to form a functional protein
(a) Why does oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen?
(b) What does the ETC do?
(c) How are hydrogen ions crucial to making ATP?
(a) Oxygen will pick up the used, low energy electrons from the ETC to form H2O
(b) Pumps H+ ions out of mitochondrial matrix; maintains an electrochemical gradient
(c) H+ ions flow in through ATP synthase which provides it with energy to physically make a lot of ATP
(a) When does crossing over/recombination occur in chromosomes?
(b) When does independent assortment occur?
(d) What do these contribute to?
(a) Meiosis I; prophase I
(b) Meiosis I; metaphase I
(d) Contributes to genetic variation
Colorblindness is a recessive X chromosome disorder. What % of girls will have colorblindess if the mother has colorblindess and the father has normal vision?
0%
What are the six kingdoms of life and their basic characteristics?
1. Animalia – Eukaryotic, multicellular
2. Plantae – Eukaryotic, multicellular
3. Fungi – Eukaryotic, mostly multicellular
4. Protista – Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular
5. Archaea – Prokaryotic, unicellular
6. Bacteria – Prokaryotic, unicellular
What are the monomers to all 4 types of macromolecules?
a) What reaction links these monomers together?
b) What types of bonds are found in each?
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides; glycosidic bonds
Lipids: no specific monomer; ester linkages
Proteins: amino acids; peptide bonds
Nucleic acids: nucleotides; phosphodiester bonds
Compare primary and secondary transport & give an example of each.
Primary AT: involves the direct hydrolysis of ATP
- NA+/K+ Pump; uses ATP to pump 3 NA+ ions out of the cell, while pumping 2 K+ ions into the cell (AGAINST their [] gradient)
Secondary AT: involves the indirect use of ATP
- H+/sucrose cotransporter; uses the passive diffusion of H+ (proton pump created this gradient) to drive the transport of sucrose into the cell
What are the key differences between Mitosis/Meiosis?
- mitosis: division of somatic cells; starts with 1 diploid cell; ends with (2) diploid cells
- meiosis: division of gametes; starts with 1 diploid cell; ends with (4) haploid cells
How do the repressor, corepressor, and operator work together in the tryptophan operon?
In the tryptophan operon, tryptophan acts as a corepressor, binding to the repressor. This complex then binds to the operator, inhibiting transcription when tryptophan levels are high.