CARDIOVASCULAR
A patient on lisinopril develops a persistent dry cough. This is due to accumulation of __________.
Answer: Bradykinin
Rationale: ACE inhibitors prevent breakdown of bradykinin → causes dry cough.
Rapid-acting insulin should be administered __________ meals.
Rapid-acting insulin should be administered Answer: Right before meals
Rationale: Prevents hypoglycemia due to rapid onset.
The most dangerous adverse effect of opioids is __________.
Answer: Respiratory depression
Rationale: Leading cause of opioid-related death.
Aminoglycosides can cause __________ and __________ toxicity.
Answer: Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity
Rationale: Kidney + hearing damage.
Albuterol works by causing __________.
Answer: Bronchodilation
Rationale: Relaxes airway smooth muscle.
PPIs reduce __________ production.
Answer: Gastric acid
Rationale: Block proton pump.
A patient on furosemide reports muscle weakness. The nurse suspects __________.
Answer: Hypokalemia
Rationale: Loop diuretics waste potassium → weakness + arrhythmia risk.
A patient on metformin is scheduled for a CT scan with contrast. The medication should be __________.
Answer: Held
Rationale: Risk of lactic acidosis with contrast dye.
The antidote for opioid overdose is __________.
Answer: Naloxone
Rationale: Reverses opioid receptor binding.
Vancomycin infused too quickly causes __________ syndrome.
Answer: Red man syndrome
Rationale: Histamine release → flushing.
A side effect of albuterol is __________.
Answer: Tachycardia
Rationale: Beta stimulation.
Long-term PPI use increases risk of __________ fractures.
Answer: Bone
Rationale: Decreased calcium absorption.
A patient taking digoxin has yellow vision and nausea. The nurse recognizes __________.
Answer: Digoxin toxicity
Rationale: Classic sign—xanthopsia (yellow vision) + GI symptoms.
A patient taking levothyroxine reports palpitations and weight loss. This indicates __________.
Answer: Overmedication / hyperthyroidism
Rationale: Excess thyroid hormone speeds metabolism.
Benzodiazepines enhance the effects of __________.
Answer: GABA
Rationale: Inhibitory neurotransmitter → sedation.
Tetracyclines should not be taken with __________.
Answer: Dairy or antacids
Rationale: Decreases absorption.
Inhaled corticosteroids can cause __________ if mouth is not rinsed.
Answer: Oral thrush
Rationale: Local immunosuppression.
Bisphosphonates must be taken __________.
Answer: Upright for 30 minutes
Rationale: Prevent esophagitis.
A patient abruptly stops taking metoprolol and develops chest pain. This is due to __________.
Answer: Rebound hypertension / tachycardia
Rationale: Sudden withdrawal increases sympathetic activity.
A diabetic patient becomes diaphoretic and confused. The priority intervention is __________.
Answer: Administer glucose
Rationale: Hypoglycemia is life-threatening → treat immediately.
A patient taking opioids and benzodiazepines together is at risk for __________.
Answer: Severe respiratory depression
Rationale: Additive CNS depression.
A patient on antibiotics develops diarrhea. The nurse suspects __________.
Answer: C. difficile infection
Rationale: Antibiotics disrupt normal flora.
If a patient uses albuterol frequently, it indicates __________.
Answer: Poor asthma control
Rationale: Rescue inhaler overuse = uncontrolled disease.
Ondansetron works by blocking __________ receptors.
Answer: Serotonin (5-HT3)
Rationale: Prevents nausea/vomiting.
A patient on spironolactone is also taking potassium supplements. The nurse is most concerned about __________.
Answer: Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Potassium-sparing diuretic + supplements = life-threatening arrhythmias.
A patient on insulin glargine asks when it will peak. The nurse responds __________.
Answer: It has no peak
Rationale: Long-acting insulin provides steady basal coverage.
A patient receiving morphine has a respiratory rate of 8/min. The nurse should __________.
Answer: Hold medication and administer naloxone
Rationale: RR <12 = opioid toxicity.
A patient receiving gentamicin has rising creatinine levels. The nurse should __________.
Answer: Hold medication and notify provider
Rationale: Indicates nephrotoxicity.
Which inhaler should be used first: bronchodilator or steroid?
Answer: Bronchodilator first
Rationale: Opens airway → better steroid absorption.
A patient on NSAIDs develops black tarry stools. This indicates __________.
Answer: GI bleeding
Rationale: NSAIDs damage gastric mucosa.