Lipids General
One characteristic of lipids?
Insoluble in water, Hydrophobic, Provide 2.25× more energy than carbohydrates, Composed of glycerol and fatty acids, Can be solid (fats) or liquid (oils), Susceptible to oxidation when unsaturated
Excess unsaturated fatty acids reduce the digestion of which rumen fraction?
Fiber (NDF)
Which vitamin’s active form comes from β-carotene?
Vitamin A
What is the most abundant mineral in the body, essential for bones and muscle contraction?
Calcium (Ca)
What is the most important nutrient for all physiological functions?
Water
The main components of fats and oils are:
Glycerol and fatty acids
What is the main fatty acid in forages (C18:3), predominant in pastures?
Linolenic acid (omega-3)
Which vitamin can be synthesized through sunlight exposure on the skin?
Vitamin D
What is the ideal Ca:P ratio in ruminant diets?
1:1 to 2:1
Feeds with >20% CP and <18% CF are classified as what?
Protein-rich feeds
Saturated fatty acids have:
No double bonds
Name the process that converts unsaturated fatty acids into saturated ones in the rumen.
Biohydrogenation
Which antioxidant vitamin is associated with the prevention of white muscle disease?
Vitamin E
Which condition is caused by low magnesium in early-spring pastures (‘grass tetany’)?
Grass tetany
Which system uses NDF and NFC to classify carbohydrates?
Van Soest system
Process that adds hydrogen to double bonds.
Hydrogenation
The trans-10, cis-12 pathway leads to the depression of which milk component?
Milk fat
Which group of vitamins is synthesized in the rumen and is essential as coenzymes?
B-complex vitamins or Vitamin B
Deficiency of which mineral causes 'big head disease' in horses?
Phosphorus (P)
Name the five primary essential nutrients in animal diets
Water, energy (carbohydrates & fats), protein, minerals, and vitamins.
What are the two fatty acids that mammals cannot synthesize, requiring them to be supplied in the diet (Essential Fatty Acids)?
Linoleic Acid and Linolenic Acid
Escaped fats are commonly formed by combining fat with which mineral?
Calcium (Ca²⁺)
Which vitamin is required for prothrombin synthesis and is affected by dicumarol?
Vitamin K
Which mineral has a narrow tolerance range and is associated with toxicity and hoof sloughing?
Selenium (Se)
In diet formulation, the ration on paper, the ration fed, and the ration consumed differ. What does the Ration Utilized represent?
The portion of nutrients actually digested, absorbed, and used by the animal’s body.