A tour of the cell/hormones
What is a prokaryotic cell?
cells without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
What can diffuse across the lipid bilayer?
Small, non polar, hydrophobic
What is an isotonic solution
Equal solute inside and outside the cell, no water movement
Form of paracrine signaling used by neurons. Fast and highly specific
What are neurosecretory cells and what do they produce?
Specialized neuron that produces and releases hormones, produces neurohormones
What is a eukaryotic cell?
Cells with a nucleus that encloses DNA with membrane bound organelles
What cannot diffuse across the lipid bilayer and requires transporters?
Charges ions, polar molecules, large molecules
Active vs passive transport examples
Passive: simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion (carrier proteins)
Active: requires carrier proteins (pumps) (low to high)
What is endocrine signaling?
Hormones travel through bloodstream to target cells
What are tropic hormones?
What is the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, controls what enters/exits the cell and allows for communication and transport
Allows some substances to cross easier than others
What happens in the sodium/potassium pump?
3Na out, 2K in, moves against gradient
What is signal transduction?
The process of converting signals onto an internal cellular response through a series of molecular steps
What are non-tropic hormones?
Acts directly on target tissues, not endocrine glands
What are water soluble hormones (hydrophilic)
Travels feeling in the bloodstream, binds to cell surface
What is a hypertonic solution?
Solute outside of the cell, water flows out, cell shrinks
Short distance signaling between nearby cells, diffuses through extracellular fluid
What are the steps of cell signaling in endocrine signaling (and explain)
1. Reception: a hormone is released into the bloodstream and travels to target cells
2. Transduction: hormone binding causes the receptor to change shape and activates an internal signaling pathway
3. Response: cell preforms specific action
What is membrane potential?
The electrical charge across the membrane
What are lipid soluble hormones?
Requires transport proteins to travel in blood, binds to intracellular receptors
What is a hypotonic solution?
Lower solute outside the cell, water flows into the cell, cell swells
What is the three stages of cell signaling
1. Reception: linen binds to receptor protein on cell surface
2. Transduction: Signal is passed through a cascade of molecular interactions, amplifies signal
3. Response: Cell preforms specific action in response to signal
What is absolute refractory and relative refractory?
Absolute refractory: Action potential cannot fire again
Relative refractory: Action potential can fire again, but requires stronger stimulus
What is voltage?
Difference in electrical charge between two parts