Cohort/Case-Control Studies
You're evaluating high blood pressure in people exposed to high caffeine intake. The Relative Risk is 2.6. Correctly interpret this RR.
The risk of increased blood pressure is 2.6 times higher in those exposed to high intake of caffeine as compared to those not exposed to a high intake of caffeine.
A Case-Control design that operates within a pre-existing cohort study is what type of study:
Nested Case-Control
Qualitative measure that orders or ranks the data is:
Ordinal data
Which type of data has discrete separate values that can be counted?
Discrete
Consistent, reproducible error that is not caused by chance is
systematic error
Suppose a 95% confidence interval was calculated for a RR of 2.7. The 95% CI (1.8, 10.2). Is this CI statistically significant?
Yes
What is the difference between random sampling and randomization?
In randomization (random assignment) the investigators assign participants to exposed/unexposed.
What does it mean if the correlation coefficient (r) is 0.8
Strong positive correlation, both variable increase and decrease together.
Accuracy and reliability of study findings
Validity
What is a third variable that masks the true relationship between the exposure and outcome.
Confounding
You are evaluating the odds of hypertension and the effect of a recommended amount of sleep per night. The exposure in this scenario is adequate sleep. The OR is 0.8. How do you interpret the OR?
The odds of luminous hypertension is 0.8 times lower in those that have adequate sleep as compared to those that do not have adequate sleep.
This is the most common type of cross-sectional study and investigates the association between two parameters
Observational analytic cross-sectional
This type of causality incorporates elements of randomness`
Probabilistic
What is a 95% confidence interval mean (as in, how to interpret it).
The 95% confidence interval means that we are 95% certain that the interval contains the parameter estimate.
What is it called when comparing stratum specific estimates, but they different from one another?
Effect modification
What is the Odds ratio for the following information:
Exposed & Diseased (a):45
Exposed & Non-diseased (b): 30
Non-Exposed & Diseased (c): 15
Non-Exposed & Non-Diseased (d): 150
OR=15
List the 3 types of ecological studies:
Geographical
Longitudinal
Migration
The number occurring most frequently in set or distribution of numbers
Mode
A small p-value means:
That the observed association is unlikely if the null hypothesis is true, leading us to reject the null hypothesis
What is a third variable that alters the relationship between the exposure and outcome
Effect modifier
What is the Relative Risk for the following:
Exposed & Disease (a):2
Exposed & Non-Disease (b): 104
Non-Exposed & Disease (c): 2
Non-Exposed & Non-Disease (d): 601
8.4
This type of cure has a symmetrical distribution. What type of distribution does this describe?
Normal distribution
This term describes the degree of variability in a set of numbers
Variance
The term for the degree to which the study has used methodologically sound procedures (is the study "true" for the people being studied)?
External validity
This term refers to when there is interest in the causal effect of two exposures on an outcome and how the effect of either exposure depends upon the value of the other exposure.
Interaction