Unit 1
What are the 6 greater/major elements in the human body?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous
What is a desmosome?
cell junction for cell to cell adhesion
What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
axial = core (cranium, spine, thoracic area)
appendicular - appendiges and pelvic girlde.
What is the blood-brain barrier? What cells help maintain this?
semipermeable area of brain that prevents certain substances from crossing.
astrocytes
What is pH? How is it measured? How does the body regulate pH?
acid/base solutions scale.
1-6.9 = acidic
7= neutral
7.1 - 14 = basic
Buffers such as bicarbonate and carbonic acid
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
exocrine secretes into ducts
endocrine secretes hormones into the bloodstream.
Name the three types of muscle tissue, give one way to distinguish each one from the others and where they are located.
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth,
ACH, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, histamine, etc
Name all four macromolecules and give a fact about each one.
protein - amino acids, formed in translation, polypeptides, folding, etc.
lipid- fatty acids, unsaturated vs saturated, amphipathic (phosopholipids)
Nucleic acids - DNA/RNA, transcription/translation, nucleotides, sugars
Carbs - saccharides, fast source of energy, glucose/glycogen
What is the peritoneum and where is it located?
two layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity.
has outer/inner layer
Explain scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis.
scoliosis - lateral bending of spine
kyphosis - exaggerated thoracic curve
lordosis - exaggerated lumbar curve.
Name 4 types of glial cells and give their functions
oligodendrocyte/Shwaan(neurolemmocyte), microglial, ependymal, astrocyte, satellite
What is the processes of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
glycogenesis = glucose -> glycogen (building bigger)
glycogenolysis = glycogen -> glucose
(breaking down)
Name 5 functions of the integumentary system
Protection, prevents water loss/gain, metabolic regulation, immune function, secretion and absorption, temp regulation, sensory reception
Name five functions of the muscular system.
Body movement
Maintenance of posture
Protection/support
Movement/storage of materials
Heat production
What are the two divisions of the motor portion of the PNS? Which is voluntary/involuntary
Autonomic - involuntary (visceral); maintain homeostasis, innervate/inhibit smooth/cardiac muscle and glands
Somatic - voluntary; skeletal muscle innervation/excitation
Name 4 types of organelles and their functions.
Nucleus, rough/smooth ER, golgi, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, lysosome, peroxisome, mitochondria, centrosome, plasma membrane
Name all three types of cartilage, their functions, and where to find each one.
Hyaline - provide support, forms fetal skeleton but can be seen in tip of nose, trachea/larynx, costal cartilage, and articular ends of bones.
Fibro - Resist compression, shock absorber; found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and meniscus of knee.
Elastic - Maintain shape while performing extensive flexibility; Found in external ear and epiglottis of larynx.
What are the characterictics of muscle tissue
excitability, conductivity, contractibility, extensibility, and elasticity.
What is Alzheimer's disease? What are factors/symptoms that distinguish it?
Dementia, loss of nervous tissue leads to loss of motor functions such as walking, talking, reading, writing, and eating.
Signs: Loss of neurons that release Acetylcholine, accumulation of abnormal protein plaques around neurons,
risk factors: head injury/heredity.