Chapter 1
Foundations of Communication
Foundations of Communication
The form of communication among 3 or more people to achieve a shared goal.
Group Communication
They are thought and action patterns in which a person’s false belief triggers a behavior that makes the initial false belief actually or seemingly come true.
Self-fulfilling Prophecies
The words strawberry, tweet, cliché, and spork are all examples of...
Neologisms
Definition: It is the vocalized but not verbal part of a spoken message, such as speaking rate, volume, and pitch.
Paralanguage
Kathy is trying to study for her exam, while her father is speaking to her. She occasionally nods her head and says "uh-huh", even though she is not paying attention.
This is an example of...
Pseudo-listening
Definition: It is fear or anxiety experienced by a person due to actual or imagined communication with another person or persons.
Communication Apprehension (CA)
They are like databases of stored, related information that we use to interpret new experiences.
Schemata
This type of definition refers to those based on emotion- or experience-based associations people have with a word.
Connotation
Mary is not herself. She is quieter, her head is down, and she's frowning. Her friends ask her if she's okay, and she says, "I'm, fine." They don't believe her.
Why is that?
Non-verbal communication is more credible, more genuine, less easy to fake, and communicates emotions more than verbal communication.
What are the 3 types of listening?
1- Informational Listening
2- Critical Listening
3- Empathetic Listening
The communication process consists of 5 main elements, which are...
1- Participants (Sender and Receiver)
2- Message
3- Encoding (thoughts to communication)
4- Decoding (communication to thoughts)
5- Channel
The perception process consists of 3 steps, which are...
1- Selecting Information
2- Organizing Information
3- Interpreting Information
We are able to talk about heaven, World War 2, and the Pyramids, which are all removed from our present space and/or time.
Which element of language does this refer to?
Displacement
Sign language is an example of which type of non-verbal communication?
Kinesics
Definition: It is the process of pairing outwardly visible positive listening behaviors with positive cognitive listening practices.
Active Listening
Which communication model describes the communication process as a linear, one-way process?
Transmission Model
Sally believes that she is funny because she is often told so. This is an example of...
Looking-glass Self
It is a conclusion based on thoughts or speculation, but not direct observation.
Inference
Sarah asks John if he would like to watch a movie. He says "uh-huh".
This is an example of which type of non-verbal communication?
Vocalics
(Specifically, using vocalic cues to substitute other verbal and non-verbal cues.)
Jack is ill, so he isn't able to pay attention and listen to his teacher.
This is an example of which type of effective listening barrier?
Environmental and/or Physical Barrier
(Specifically, Physiological Noise)
The transaction model of communication focuses on which 3 contexts?
Social, relational, and cultural contexts.
Tommy took both a math and history exam in the same week. He failed his math exam, but got an A on his history exam. He explained that he failed math because he was too worried about his upcoming history exam, so it wasn't his fault. He also said he received an A in history because he is a hardworking student and he deserved it.
This is an example of...
Self-serving Bias
We use this process to communicate more effectively because it serves as a shorthand that keeps us from having a completely unmanageable language filled with millions of words—each referring to one specific thing.
The Abstracting Process
Smiling, nodding, making eye contact, and occasionally engaging in social, polite, or professional touch can help lessen real or perceived physical and psychological distance between communicators.
These are examples of...
Immediacy Behaviors
Sophia and Clara are talking and actively listening to each other. Sophia plays with her hair, then Clara subconsciously does the same.
This is an example of...
Mirroring