chapter 8
32. When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.
implicit memory
________ proposed the hierarchy of needs.
Abraham Maslow
this is called the "stress hormone"
cortisol
________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.
eustress
Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.
acoustic
In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: _______, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
sensory memory
Give and example of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder have been shown to have reduced volumes of the ________.
Hippocampus
what triggers the secondary appraisal need?
how threatening the stressor is percieved
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.
change the word “sensory” to the word “acoustic”
what is retrograde amnesia?
not being able to remember prior to the incident
What are the areas that positive psychologists study?
empathy, altruism, forgiveness, happiness
What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?
another part of the brain would take over
Alma has a serious disease in which the airways of her respiratory system become obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs. Which disease does Alma have?
asthma
this type of memory includes knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
semantic
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.
construction, reconstruction
________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person’s involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes.
biofeedback
stress hormones released during this bodily system's activation negatively Impact immune function.
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Name three negative effects that long term exposure to cortisol can have on the body
cardiovascular disease, asthma, weakened immunity, psychological diagnoses
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.
semantic
What hypothesis did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task?
equipotentiality hypothesis
is the field that studies how psychological factors such as stress influence the immune system and immune functioning.
psychoneuroimmunology
give an example of how stress invokes a physiological response, a cognitive response, and a behavioral response
(e.g., accelerated heart rate, headaches, or gastrointestinal problems), cognitive (e.g., difficulty concentrating or making decisions), and behavioral (e.g., drinking alcohol, smoking, or taking actions directed at eliminating the cause of the stress).
According to Cannon (founder of this theory), the fight-or-flight response is a built-in mechanism that assists in maintaining
homeostasis
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.
rehearsal