Week 1
What are the three phases of drug action?
- pharmacodynamics
- pharmacokinetics
- drug administration
Compare and contrast the MOA of Benzos and Buspirone.
Benzos: enhance effects of GABA
Buspirone: combines with serotonin and dopamine receptors
A mom comes in bringing her baby in and notices redness under the neck. What would be the appropriate antifungal?
Nyastatin
How do you properly administer ear drops? For children under 3? For adults?
Children: pull ear down and back
Adults: pull ear up and back
What is the difference between systemic and local infections?
systemic: whole body
local: one area
What are the phases of pharmacokinetics?
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
Patient teaching for Benzos and Buspirone.
Benzos: Don't drive or operate heavy machinery, do not drink alcohol, move/get up slowly short-term medication, don't drink grapefruit juice reduces metabolism effects, need to be tapered off has severe withdrawal symptoms, don't take if pregnant
Buspirone: Effects may take 1-2 weeks, patients should not drive or operate heavy machinery until effects are known, do not drink grapefruit juice because it can cause toxicity, take it with food to avoid nausea, long term use
Fluconazole
How do you administer eye drops?
pull the eye down, apply the drop, apply pressure to the inner corner eye for a full minute, wait a full 5 minutes in between drops, and do not drop the tip of the applicator to the eye
True or False: Antihistamines and decongestants help with ear infections.
False
What are the six rights of medications? + the 4 bonus
1. right patient
2. right drug
3. right dose
4. right time
5. right route
6. right documentation
4 Bonus: right assessment, education, evaluation, and right to refuse.
What is the antidote for Benzos?
What antifungal would be used for systemic candidiasis of the blood, heart, lungs, CNS, and urinary tract?
Flucytosine
What is the pathophysiology of glaucoma
- open-angle
- closed-angle
overproduction of aqueous humor or improper drainage causes intraocular pressure to increase, buildup of pressure damages optic nerves
- open-angle: trabecular meshwork structure is open but becomes clogged. Blockage increases IOP damaging optic nerve
- closed-angle: Iris is situated close to the drainage angle blocking the trabecular network, excess aqueous humor can't drain. IOP develops and increases quickly (medical emergency)
What is on a drug label?
- trade name
- generic name
- drug amount
- lot number
- expiration date
- storage
- if its a controlled substance
What are lifespan considerations regarding medication administration?
very young, very old, immunocompromised, pregnancy
What are some non-pharm measures for anxiety?
exercise, diet/nutrition, sleep hygiene, support groups
What antifungal is specifically IV?
Anidulafungin
A child has been diagnosed with acute otitis media, and has a severe penicillin allergy, what can you expect to be prescribed?
A. ciprofloxacin
B. azithromycin
C. amoxicillin
B.
How do we know if we need to calculate drops per minute of mL per hour?
if drops per minute the question will have the drop factor (gtt)
What effects metabolism and absorption?
stomach acid, pH, renal/liver impairments, way medication is administered, vomiting, diarrhea, food, antacids, dairy products,
What are some side effects of Lorazepam?
What are some side effects of Buspirone?
Lorazepam: drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, confusion, ataxia, blurred vision, CNS depression, suicidal ideations, constipation
Buspirone: dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, ataxia, palpations, tachycardia
What antifungal is used for ringworm, athletes foot, and nail fungus?
Griseofulvin
What are ceruminolytics
softens ear wax
What does it mean when a drug reaches maximal efficacy?
increasing a drug's dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response