UPPER AIRWAYS
What is the correct definition of breathing?
A. Gas exchange at the cellular level
B. Mechanical movement of air into and out of the body
C. Moving air within the respiratory zone
D. Swallowing and deglutition
B. Mechanical movement of air into and out of the body
What marks the end of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?
A. Respiratory bronchioles
B. Terminal bronchioles
C. Alveoli
D. Bronchus
B. Terminal bronchioles
Describe the structure of the lungs and their principal function.
A) The lungs are cube-shaped organs responsible for digestion.
B) The lungs are conical-shaped organs located in the chest cavity and are the principal organs of respiration.
C) The lungs are tube-like structures involved in blood circulation.
B) The lungs are conical-shaped organs located in the chest cavity and are the principal organs of respiration.
What is the normal resting heart rate for adults, and what is it called when the resting heart rate is less than 60 BPM?
a) 80-120 BPM; Tachycardia
b) 60-100 BPM; Bradycardia
c) 100-140 BPM; Tachycardia
d) 40-70 BPM; Bradycardia
b) 60-100 BPM; Bradycardia
What is the principal form of oxygen transport in blood?
a) Oxygen Dissolution in the Plasma
b) Oxygen Bound to Hemoglobin
c) Oxygen Bound to Myoglobin
d) Oxygen Dissolved in the Erythrocytes
b) Oxygen Bound to Hemoglobin
Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?
A. Upper airway
B. Conducting airway
C. Respiratory zone
D. Nasal cavity
C. Respiratory zone
Question: What is the primary site of gas exchange in the alveolar epithelium?
A. Type I cells
B. Type II cells
C. Type III cells
D. Alveolar macrophages
A. Type I cells
How many lobes does the right lung have, and what is the unique feature of the left lung regarding lobes?
A) The right lung has two lobes, and the left lung has three lobes.
B) The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has a cardiac notch.
C) Both lungs have the same number of lobes
B) The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has a cardiac notch.
What is the outer layer of the pericardium, and what is its function?
a) Epicardium; Lubrication
b) Serous pericardium; Protection
c) Fibrous pericardium; Anchoring and protection
d) Visceral pericardium; Lubrication
c) Fibrous pericardium; Anchoring and protection
There are __ polypeptide chains that makes up an adult hemoglobin molecule
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
d) Four
What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?
A. Produce mucus to lubricate the nose
B. Lighten the weight of the head
C. Act as a resonance space for speech
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
______ is the function of Type II cells in the alveolar epithelium.
A. Structural support
B. Gas exchange
C. Phagocytosis
D. Surfactant production
D. Surfactant production
Where is the mediastinum located, and what does it contain?
A) The mediastinum is in the abdominal cavity and contains the liver.
B) The mediastinum is in the thoracic cavity between the lungs and contains the heart, blood vessels, and other structures.
C) The mediastinum is in the skull and contains the brain.
B) The mediastinum is in the thoracic cavity between the lungs and contains the heart, blood vessels, and other structures.
What is the name of the life-threatening emergency condition caused by fluid buildup in the pericardial space compressing the heart's ventricles?
a) Pericardial effusion
b) Cardiac tamponade
c) Pericarditis
d) Hypertension
b) Cardiac tamponade
What is the normal percentage range for oxygen saturation in mixed venous blood (SvO2)?
a) 40–60%
b) 60–80%
c) 80–100%
d) 20–40%
b) 60–80%
What is the purpose of nasal flaring?
A. To enhance sense of smell
B. To indicate respiratory distress
C. To facilitate gas exchange
D. To aid in swallowing
B. To indicate respiratory distress
What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli?
A. Preventing alveolar collapse at low lung volumes
B. Enhancing gas exchange
C. Providing structural support
D. Initiating phagocytosis
A. Preventing alveolar collapse at low lung volumes
What is the role of the pleural membranes, and where is the pleural cavity located?
A) The pleural membranes provide structural support to the lungs, and the pleural cavity is in the abdominal cavity.
B) The pleural membranes line the lungs and thoracic cavity, and the pleural cavity is the space between them.
C) The pleural membranes facilitate blood circulation, and the pleural cavity is in the cranial cavity.
B) The pleural membranes line the lungs and thoracic cavity, and the pleural cavity is the space between them.
The _____ layer of the heart wall is the thickest and composed of specialized heart muscle cells.
a) Epicardium
b) Endocardium
c) Myocardium
d) Pericardium
c) Myocardium
Which factor does NOT influence the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
d) Cardiac Output
d) Cardiac Output
Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx?
A. Protection for the airways during swallowing
B. Support for vocalization
C. Gas exchange
D. Assistance in airway patency
C. Gas exchange
Which cells in the alveolar epithelium are unable to replicate?
A. Type I cells
B. Type II cells
C. Type III cells
D. Alveolar macrophages
A. Type I cells
Explain the role of the diaphragm in ventilation and how pressure gradients facilitate breathing.
A) The diaphragm has no role in ventilation, and breathing is solely controlled by the rib cage.
B) The diaphragm contracts during exhalation, creating a vacuum for air intake.
C) The diaphragm contracts during inhalation, creating a vacuum that pulls air into the lungs. Pressure gradients allow air movement.
C) The diaphragm contracts during inhalation, creating a vacuum that pulls air into the lungs. Pressure gradients allow air movement.
What is the term for the unique ability of cardiac muscle cells to transmit an impulse?
a) Excitability
b) Conductivity
c) Contractibility
d) Automaticity
b) Conductivity
What does the Bohr effect state?
a) Oxygen binding to hemoglobin increases with increasing partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
b) Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases with increasing pH.
c) Oxygen release from hemoglobin increases with decreasing partial pressure of oxygen.
d) Hemoglobin can carry increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the oxygenated state.
a) Oxygen binding to hemoglobin increases with increasing partial pressure of carbon dioxide.