Unit 1
In order to lower the pH of a solution, ____ is added to _____ the concentration of _____ ions in the solution.
an acid; increase; hydrogen
What two electron carriers commonly found during cellular respiration are in high energy state and which two are in low energy state?
High energy state = NADH, FADH2
Low energy state = NAD+, FAD+
Lipids that form what type of membranes have what kind of structure?
bilayers; polar heads and nonpolar tails;
the polar heads interact with water and the nonpolar tails are shielded from interactions with water
A cell's DNA strand has GGTCAGACT. After mitosis it is: GGTACT. What type of mutation?
Deletion
What allows myosin to "walk" across actin filaments?
ATP powered motor domains; converts chemical energy to mechanical energy to cause movement
Why is asparagine key to aquaporin?
Specificity for water
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP (2 net ATP)
What facilitates movement between the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi?
COP Proteins
Which of the following is the primary function of clathrin in a eukaryotic cell?
Assisting in the formation of vesicles for endocytosis and transport within the cell
During Interphase, a sharp increase of tubulin in a cell gives rise to what?
centrosome
What bonds make up quaternary structure of a protein?
Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, Van der waals interactions (hydrophobic interactions), and disulfide bridges
Daily Double: What is required for translation to start and what are the three primary binding sites of the large ribosomal subunit?
Ribosome, mRNA, start codon (AUG), tRNA with Met;
A → P → E
What is the benefit for eukaryotes to contain internal membranes?
To allow for compartmentalization of cellular space
What is a gene that helps cells grow and divide normally that, if mutated, can cause cancer?
proto-oncogene
What is crossing over?
a cellular process that occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes exchange DNA sequences
What is the purpose of the iron of a heme group?
To interact with O2 with just the right strength in order to carry it.
What are the three steps of the dark reaction and which steps use ATP?
1. Fixation
2. Reduction [Uses ATP]
3. Regeneration [Uses ATP]
What can move through phospholipid bilayers via diffusion?
small, nonpolar molecules (e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide)
What is a DNA repair mechanism that directly joins broken ends of double-stranded DNA without the need for a homologous template?
non-homologous end joining
What proteins are important in the process of crossing-over?
SPO11 & Recombinases
Evaluate this amino acid: Histidine
(I will pull up a picture)
polar; positively charged/base
Which integral membrane proteins involved in the ETC do NADH and FADH2 drop off electrons?
NADH → Complex I
FADH2 → Complex II
What is RAN?
a protein that regulates the movement of molecules (like proteins and RNA) through nuclear pore
What molecule activates CDKs to push the cell cycle to continue through checkpoints to proceed with cell division?
cyclins
During what phase of cell division is the cohesin keeping 2 chromatids together phosphorylated and what phase is all of it completely removed? (+100 points: Explain why not all of the cohesin is detached by the first answered phase)
prophase; metaphase
Bonus: 2 proteins bound in the middle of the chromosome prevent the middle cohesin from getting detached