Concept of Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
What does ADME stand for?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Indication of metformin
Tyle II diabetes
What is PPI?
PPI is proton pump inhibitor, decrease acid secretion, to treat GERD, examples: lansoprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, omeprazole.
Warfarin, antidote, therapeutic INR range
Vitamin K is the antidote
Therapeutic INR range:2-3 for afib, stroke, MI, DVT
2.5-3.5 for mechanical heart valve
Drug interactions that increase bleeding directly: NSAIDs, aspirin and other antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants. many antibiotics, antifungals, allopurinol, SSRI and levothyroxine may increase INR.
Gabapentin uses
Seizures and neuropathic pain
What is agonist?
A drug capable of binding to a receptor and initiating drug action, (occupy receptors and activate them).
Different between 1st-generation and 2nd-generation antihistamines
Second-generation non-drowsy
Eg: loratadine (Claritin)
First-generation drowsy/sedating
Eg: diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
What is ondansetron
Ondansetron is an antiemetic, best to treat chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting.
Antihypertensives - which class has the side effect - dry cough and what does beta-1 blocker do?
ACE inhibitors
Beta-1 blocker are used for angina, MI, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias(check pulse rate).
When giving beta-2 blockers, be cautions with COPD and asthma patients
What's the difference between NSIDS and acetaminophen
NSAIDs: antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory example: ibuprophen, aspirin (take after or with food to prevent GI upset)
acetaminophen: antipyretic, analgesic(long term use may increase adverse reactions for kidney, liver and increase bleeding while on warfarin)
What is antagonist?
A drug capable of binding to a receptor that does not initiate drug action (occupy receptors but do not activate them, block the action).
Side effects and nursing consideration for corticosteroids
Side effects: retention of Na, water, edema, hypertension, hypokalemia, increase blood glucose, muscle weakness, fractures, mask signs of infection
Consideration: orientation, T, WT, bone density, electrolytes
Alendronate treats osteoporosis, reduce risk for fracture when they are on corticosteroids
What is cephalexin
It's a cephalosporin antibiotic, broad-spectrum. 5 generations, greater than 20 meds, best absorbed in empty stomach, avoid caffeine, cola, citrus, increase bleeding with anticoagulants, monitor K level
Uses of digoxin and nursing considerations
Digoxin increase the force and efficiency of heart contractions and decrease heart rate. Used for Afib, HF. Nursing considerations, check apical pulse for a full minute, hold if less than 60BPM. Watch for digoxin toxicity-blurred vison, N, confused, halos
Common side effects of opioid analgesics and antidote
Opioid analgesic is for severe pain.
Common side effects: low V/S, slow CNS, Slow GI function (constipation)
Opioid antagonist - naloxone is the antidote. It can cause withdrawal in patients who are physically dependent on opioids.
What are the major organs for metabolism?
The liver is the primary organ of metabolism.
Other sites are the GI tract and lungs.
What color is the rescue inhaler
Blue, short acting beta-2 agonist
Patient teaching and nursing considerations for antibiotics
Take the full course to prevent resistance, probiotics may help to restore the GI flora, report severe watery or bloody diarrhea immediately, may take with food to ease stomach upset. May develop secondary infection when taking antibiotics, such as yeast infections, skin infections, diarrhea or UTI
Nursing considerations of diuretics
loop, thiazide and potassium sparing (spironolactone)
monitor I &O, daily WT, BP, lung sounds, electrolytes, NSAIDs inhibit diuretic action, corticosteroids enhance the loss of K
What is phenytoin and common side effects
phenytoin is an anticonvulsant.
common side effects include gingival hyperplasia (should report excessive gingival bleeding, hypertrophy, use soft toothbrush, visit dentist regularly), somnolence, slurred speech, depression, suicidal thoughts.
What are the major organs for excretion?
Kidneys primarily excrete drugs from the body, but lungs and glands may as well.
Patient teaching on inhaled corticosteroids
Rinse mouth (thrush)
B is before C
Side effects of antibiotics
Broad spectrum antibiotics target normal micro bacteria causing diarrhea
Side effect, nursing considerations of Antianginal-nitroglycerin
Patch, sublingual
Side effects: headache, orthostatic hypotension
check vitals pre and post administration
take one every 5M, max 3 doses
Serious adverse effects of benzodiazepine
Respiratory depression
Hepatotoxicity- N, V, jaundice, check Liver function test