Stages
of
Learning
of
Learning
Associative, beginning of Later Stages.
What concept says when practice sessions become monotonous, the lower problem-solving activity results in lower learning levels?
Cognitive Effort Hypothesis
Your baseball coach is having everyone practice hitting against 3 different kinds of pitches. The coach told the pitchers to throw any and all kinds in random order.
Contextual Interference
To ensure quality coordination patterns are developed, an expert performer is important to model motor skills for learners, however, observing other novice performers learn how to perform the skill is beneficial to learning as well. How/why?
Encourages more active problem solving (information processing) for developing strategies to achieve the movement goal.
*As opposed to just trying to reproduce the movements demonstrated by an expert performer
What are the two roles of mental practice? (hint: The roles are associated with different populations)
1. Help someone learn a new motor skill
2. Help an experienced person maintain a high level of performance
At what point during practice is there the highest level of problem solving?
At the beginning, of a NEW session.
Johnny spent all summer learning how to wake surf after experiencing some difficulty transferring his skill from skateboarding all his life. Now, he's having trouble reorienting himself skateboarding. What is he experiencing? (What is this experience called?)
Retroactive Interference
Many studies have been conducted examining the frequency of modeling and/or other feedback during practice. Almost all typically compare "every trial," "every 5 trials," and then 1+ more with larger trial blocks between feedback/modeling.
What is usually superior? What do the findings suggest instructors/coaches should do then during practice sessions?
Let the learners practice a few trials before giving feedback/demonstrating again. Give them time to process their movements and the outcomes before trying to guide their attention.
Does nascar racing have high or low complexity and organization?
Should it be practiced in parts or as a whole?
Low Organization
Parts
When the context characteristics are similar, but the movement characteristics are different, what can occur when performing the motor skill?
Negative transfer or Interference
Why does making acronyms to memorize info (e.g. AMEE for Kahneman's 4 factors for attention allocation) or putting it to songs make it easier to retain?
creating a memory trace, making it easier to recall
What explanation for CI states the effect is due to developing more detailed memory representations of the skill variations, enabling identification of the differences to respond appropriately?
Elaboration/Distinction explanation
When a coach is able to give a cue that effectively draws your attention to an aspect of performance that allows you to response appropriately, this is which of Kahneman's 4 factors?
Momentary Intentions
Does performing an intricate high level dive from a diving board have high or low complexity and organization?
Should it be practiced in its parts or as a whole?
Low complexity
High Organization
Whole practice
*Some types of "simplification part practice" can be used when learning
The following or examples of what?
a. learning your numbers, then basic math skills, then algebra, geometry, calculus and so on
b. learning to read music, then learning guitar scales, then chords, then playing songs
c. learning how to write with your dominant hand, then how to write with your non-dominant hand
d. doing gymnastics when little, developing body awareness, balance, and muscular fitness to then go on and be good at any sport you choose to train
positive transfer of learning
In movies and shows where someone can't remember an event, the investigators often take them "back to where it happened." What principle supports this idea?
Encoding Specificity Principle
Designing practice sessions with the intent of improving someone's motor response schema by setting as many different parameters for the skill when practicing is utilizing what hypothesis?
Variability of Practice
During a driving instruction session, KT forgot her glasses, and by the time it was her turn the sun had set. Driving down the grade, her vision blurry and distorted by the darkness of night, she focused on the illuminated tail lights of the cars in front of her to guide her on the road.
This is an example of a ___________________ feedback setting in which she used the visual ________________ feedback provided by the "required by law" illuminated head & tail lights after sunset.
Low intrinsic (feedback setting)
Augmented
What type of part practice is being describes here, for an Olympic Barbell Clean:
1. learning the "Lift-off" - lifting the barbell off the ground to the knees
2. learning the "first pull" - lifting the barbel off the ground, past the knees to the "hip/power position"
3. learning the "second pull" or "high pull" - projecting the barbell from "hip position" up using the powerful hip extension and the arms to pull the par up towards the shoulders
4. learning "the catch" - performing the "high pull" and then rolling the elbows down and under the bar to catch it on your fingers and anterior deltoids
5. learning to put steps 1,2,3 and 4 together - an Olympic Clean
Segmentation
also called "progressive part practice"
According to the definition of "motor learning," how do we know when learning has actually occurred? (hint: 4 things)
It is inferred by performance,
a change (improvement) in the motor pattern has to have occurred,
the improvement must be fairly permanent,
and be the result of physical practice.
Through experience, knowing to first pre-heat the oven, to then mix the wet ingredients as well as the dry ingredients separately, then mix them together, so by the time the oven is ready, the mixture is ready to be baked is an example of what kind of memory?
Procedural
*Required overt physical responses to learn
Transfer appropriate processing
Jackson is getting irritated with his football coach because his feedback never helps him improve. He repeats the same things like "keep your back straight" and "push harder." Thankfully his dad encouraged him to join him during his training sessions with an actual weightlifting coach. Her comments were to "brace your abs as if someone is punching them" to maintain core stiffness during squats and to "act like your breaking the bar" to activate the muscles of the arms more during bench press.
What is the difference between Jackson's coach's feedback and his dad's weightlifting coach's? (Type of feedback)
Descriptive vs Prescriptive feedback
What type of part practice is being used here?
Instead of barbell front squats, doing goblet squats
How so? Explain how it fits that type of part practice.
Simplification
Due to: lighter weight, easier to handle/control the weight (equipment), less complicated set up and completion steps
Simplification methods that fit this example: lower attention demands, object manipulation, sequencing skill progressions