Final review English 12 A

unit 1

100

what does arduous mean 

extremely difficult to achieve

200

what type of reading skill is this... an overarching message or truth that is specific to a text 

central idea 

300

what is the authors purpose, task, and audience? 

Authors have a particular task to carry out and a definite purpose for doing it. An author’s work is also directed at a specific audience. Every choice a writer makes, from organization and development of ideas to style and tone, is intentionally made with a task, purpose, and audience in mind.

400

What are key detail's ? and what do they help with?  

Key details can include descriptions, quotes, facts, or any other relevant information in a text. key details that can be used as evidence to support or help explain a central idea.

500

what is a Syntax? and what is an example?

the arrangement of words and phrases—and organization are other elements of style that can be affected by task, purpose, and audience. An example of that is an email to your boss requesting a pay raise may need to start out with praise for the company, followed by descriptions of your own responsibilities and the value you bring, and then finally your request for the raise.

unit 2

100

 what does resilient mean?

able to withstand something bad that occurs and recover quickly from it

200

what is The Rhetorical Triangle? 

In all cases, however, rhetoric is a platform for creating a relationship among three key components: the message, the writer/speaker (author), and the audience. This is known as the rhetorical triangle, shown in the illustration.

300

what are the 3 ways to generate ideas for a research paper?

Freewriting, Listing, Idea mapping

400

what does Rhetoric mean?

 

The message, the writer/speaker, and the audience are all interconnected. The author must consider the message and the audience. The audience must consider the message and the author. The message is impacted by an author—who has a particular purpose and perspective—and by an audience—whose members have their own perspectives

500

explain the 3 ways to generate an idea 

When you freewrite, you write continuously about whatever comes to mind regarding possible topics for your paper. Let your mind wander, and allow one thought to lead to another. Do not stop and edit your work, do not stop and think about what you are writing, and do not worry about grammar. 

• Listing – When you make a list, you jot down topics that interest you. Think about topics you may have heard about in the news recently— locally, nationally, or globally. Was anything of particular interest to you? Did you discuss any interesting issues with family or friends recently? Is there anything you would like to know more about, or think other people should know more about? You can also make a list of possible claims or possible reasons or sources. Just get your ideas down on paper in list form. Then review your ideas and see if any might lead to an effective, interesting research question.
• Idea mapping – This prewriting technique is sometimes also called clustering, webbing, or mind mapping. The idea is to create a visual representation of your ideas and the connections between them. Write down your main topic and draw a circle around it. Then connect that topic to other topics in their own circles, and so on, until you are left with several associated ideas. Your idea map could look something like this as you begin:

unit 3

100

what does biodegradable mean?

capable of being broken down into harmless components through natural processes

200

what is a structural element 

such as sentences, paragraphs, chapters, and sections, can help a reader to comprehend a text’s main idea or claim. Sentences are the basic building blocks of the text; they combine to make paragraphs, which build chapters and sections. Together these structural elements make a cohesive whole.

300

what is a hook?

sparking interest in the topic and to create connections

400

what are the 5 most common structural elements 

Sentences Transitional words and phrases Paragraphs Chapters and sections

500

what information should a introduction have?

• a reference to current events
• a controversial topic
• a personal anecdote
• some startling bit of information

An effective introduction will catch your readers’ eyes and entice them to continue reading your paper.

unit 4

100

what does pluralism mean   

a state of society in which diverse groups participate

200

what does theme mean?

A theme is the central message or universal truth conveyed by a text. In other words, a theme can be a lesson that readers learn after reading a text.

300

what is an argument writing style?

Argument is a type of writing that emphasizes logic, specifically claims, reasons, evidence and, counterclaims

400

how do you determine the theme? 

The theme of a text can be determined from the text’s topic. Readers can first determine which topics are discussed in depth within a text. Those topics can then point readers toward what the themes are.

500

what two tasks are you focused on when writing am argumentative essay?

• presenting your claim and its evidence to your audience
• presenting the opposition to the claim and why that opposition is not valid

In other words, you convince your audience to accept your claim—not because you have appealed to their emotions or because you have proven yourself as credible. The audience accepts your claim because of the logic of it.

unit 5

100

what is does anarchy mean?  

a state of lawlessness and absence of government

200

what is elements of an argument?

Argument is a logical approach to persuasion and rhetoric. It uses logos, rather than pathos or ethos. Learning about a model of argument called the Toulmin Model will help you evaluate the validity of arguments.

300

what should a researched argument essay have?

• contains a clear, focused, and complete thesis statement
• uses evidence from at least four different non-Wikipedia sources
• uses an objective tone and formal style
• formatted in accordance with MLA style

400

what is Toulmin Model of Argument?

The Toulmin Model of Argument describes a way of structuring logical arguments. Understanding its elements can help you evaluate the arguments of others. If any element of this model is missing, the argument may have logical flaws that affect its validity.

500

what should you not have in your essay?

• first-person pronouns like I and you (unless you are quoting evidence that includes one of these pronouns)
• any sort of slang (unless it is found in evidence that is quoted)