SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
THIS PERSPECTIVE FOCUSES ON HOW SOCIETY WORKS TOGETHER LIKE A SYSTEM WHERE EACH PART CONTRIBUTES TO STABILITY.
FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
ALVIN TOFFLER USED THIS TERM TO DESCRIBE STRESS CAUSED BY RAPID TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE.
FUTURE SHOCK
CRIME COMMITTED BY AVERAGE PEOPLE AGAINST OTHER PEOPLE OR ORGANIZATIONS – USUALLY IN PUBLIC SPACES
STREET CRIME
THE SYSTEM TASKED WITH SUPERVISING INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE BEEN ARRESTED FOR, CONVICTED OF, OR SENTENCED FOR CRIMINAL OFFENSES
CORRECTIONS SYSTEM
THIS SOCIOLOGICAL TERM REFERS TO STRUCTURED INEQUALITY IN SOCIETY BASED ON WEALTH, POWER, AND PRESTIGE.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
MARX’S FRAMEWORK THAT VIEWS SOCIETY THROUGH CONFLICT BETWEEN THE “HAVES” AND THE “HAVE-NOTS”
CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
THIS DESCRIBES TECHNOLOGY THAT REQUIRES COORDINATED EFFORT AND IS ACCESSIBLE TO LARGE GROUPS (EXAMPLE: ROADS OR ELECTRICAL GRIDS).
INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPED BY ROBERT MERTON, THIS THEORY EXPLAINS CRIME AS A RESULT OF BLOCKED OPPORTUNITIES TO ACHIEVE SOCIETAL GOALS.
STRAIN THEORY
JEREMY BENTHAM’SPRISON MODEL WHERE PRISONERS BEHAVE BECAUSE THEY MIGHT BE WATCHED AT ANY TIME
PANOPTICON
THIS SYSTEM DISTRIBUTES REWARDS BASED ON INDIVIDUAL TALENT AND EFFORT.
MERITOCRACY
THIS MICRO-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE FOCUSES ON MEANING CREATED THROUGH SOCIAL INTERACTION.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
THIS CONCEPT DESCRIBES THE GAP WHEN MATERIAL CULTURE CHANGES FASTER THAN NONMATERIAL CULTURE.
CULTURAL LAG
A THEORY THAT ASSERTS CRIME OCCURS IN COMMUNITIES WITH WEAK SOCIAL TIES AND ABSENCE OF SOCIAL CONTROL
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY
THE FBI DATABASE THAT COMPILES CRIME REPORTED TO POLICE.
UNIFIED CRIME REPORT (URC)
THIS MEASURE RANGES FROM 0-1 AND IS USED TO MEASURE INCOME INEQUALITY
GINI COEFFICIENT
THIS SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE VIEWS SOCIETY AS A SYSTEM OF INTERCONNECTED PARTS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO MAINTAIN STABILITY AND ORDER.
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONISM
THE SORTING PROCESS BY WHICH THOUSANDS OF POSSIBLE MESSAGES ARE SHAPED INTO A MASS MEDIA-APPROPRIATE FORM AND REDUCED TO A MANAGEABLE AMOUNT
GATEKEEPING
ACTIVITIES AGAINST THE LAW, BUT THAT DO NOT RESULT IN INJURY TO ANY INDIVIDUAL OTHER THAN THE PERSON WHO ENGAGES IN THEM
VICTIMLESS CRIME
THIS OCCURS WHEN A PERSON’S SELF-CONCEPT AND BEHAVIOR BEGIN TO CHANGE AFTER HIS OR HER ACTIONS ARE LABELED AS DEVIANT BY MEMBERS OF SOCIETY
SECONDARY DEVIANCE
THE ACT OF BUYING AND USING PRODUCTS TO MAKE A STATEMENT ABOUT ONE’S SOCIAL STANDING
CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION
THIS PERSPECTIVE ARGUES THAT SOCIETY IS SHAPED BY COMPETITION FOR SCARCE RESOURCES AND OFTEN FOCUSES ON INEQUALITY AND POWER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GROUPS.
CONFLICT THEORY
THE PRINCIPLE THAT ALL INTERNET DATA SHOULD BE TREATED EQUALLY BY INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS
NET NEUTRALITY
PUNISHMENTS FOR VIOLATING NORMS
NEGATIVE SANCTIONS
A VIOLATION OF NORMS THAT DOES NOT RESULT IN ANY LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON THE INDIVIDUAL’S SELF-IMAGE OR INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS
PRIMARY DEVIANCE
A SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION, BASED ON ACHIEVEMENT, THAT ALLOWS SOME MOVEMENT AND INTERACTION BETWEEN LAYERS AND CLASSES.
OPEN SYSTEM