Circulatory System
2 part question
a. are small, nucleus-free cell fragments produced in bone marrow that circulate in blood to stop bleeding and aid wound healing.
b. immune system cells produced in the bone marrow that fight infections, diseases, and foreign materials.
a. thrombocytes
b. White Blood Cells
2 part question
a. a thin-walled, branching network of tubes that collect lymph (fluid, proteins, and waste) from tissues and return it to the bloodstream
b. microscopic, blind-ended, highly permeable vessels that form the beginning of the lymphatic system, located throughout most bodily tissues
a. lymphatic vessels
b. lymphatic cappillaries
Functions of the Respiratory system
facilitate gas exchange, bringing oxygen into the body for cellular energy and removing waste carbon dioxide
function of the digestive system
breaks down food into nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals) and water, which the body absorbs into the bloodstream for energy, growth, and repair
What is GERD?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, causing persistent heartburn, chest pain, and regurgitation
What are the 3 heart layers?
endocardium,myocardium,pericardium
the body's largest lymphatic vessel (38–45 cm), extending from the L2 vertebra to the neck, draining lymph from 75% of the body (lower limbs, abdomen, left side of the body) into the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins
Thoracic duct
Structures and Characteristics of the Respiratory System
a specialized network—including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs—designed to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
What are some accessory organs?
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands, teeth, and tongue
What is pancreatitis?
inflammation of the pancreas, causing severe upper abdominal pain (often radiating to the back), nausea, and vomiting
What is the normal range of RBCs? and WBCs?
RBCs- 4.2 to 5.4 million
WBCs- 4,000 and 11,000
a clear-to-white, watery fluid derived from blood plasma that circulates through lymphatic vessels to maintain fluid balance, remove cellular waste, and transport infection-fighting white blood cells
Lymph
Internal vs. External Respiration
External respiration is the exchange of gases (\(O_{2}\) and \(CO_{2}\)) between the lungs (alveoli) and the blood in pulmonary capillaries, while internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue cells
function of villi in the small intestine
maximize nutrient absorption by exponentially increasing the surface area
Enzymes in Saliva
Saliva contains crucial digestive enzymes, primarily salivary amylase (also known as ptyalin) and lingual lipase
What is anemia? What is Atherosclerosis?
Anemia- Low red blood cells, low hemoglobin
Atherosclerosis- the slow, silent buildup of plaque—fat, cholesterol, and calcium—within artery walls, causing them to harden and narrow, which limits oxygen-rich blood flow to organs
2 part question
a. a specialized, bilobed primary lymphoid organ located in the upper chest behind the breastbone
b. a fist-sized organ located in the upper left abdomen that filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and produces white blood cells to fight infection
a. thymus
b. spleen
Some disease in the respiratory system and what is the primary cause of lung cancer?
Bronchitis, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Central Sleep Apnea, Complex/Mixed Sleep Apnea, the primary cause is Tobacco smoking
Structures of the digestive system
The human digestive system is a 9-meter, continuous muscular tube (gastrointestinal tract) and accessory organs, Key components include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
What is epiglottis?
The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap of cartilage at the base of the tongue that flips down over the larynx (windpipe) during swallowing to prevent food and liquid from entering the lungs
List the correct order of the Conduction Pathway
Right Atrium -> tricuspid valve ->right ventricle ->pulmonary valve ->pulmonary artery->lungs ->left atrium->bicuspid valve->left ventricle->aortic valve->aorta->rest of the body
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
treatable blood cancer of the lymphatic system, characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
Characteristics of lungs and alveoli
Lungs are paired, spongy, cone-shaped organs in the chest that facilitate gas exchange, while alveoli are microscopic, elastic air sacs (roughly 300–500 million) at the end of bronchioles, maximizing surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion
Cause of peptic ulcers
Peptic ulcers are open sores caused by the breakdown of the stomach or intestinal lining
microscopic, blind-ended, highly permeable vessels that form the beginning of the lymphatic system, located throughout most bodily tissues
Lymphatic capillaries