Math!
500 L/min is equivalent to how many L/day?
720,000 L/day
The Darcy Equation is used to determine this.
Groundwater flow
Two types of direct measurement methods for measuring precipitation.
Standard rain gauge and tipping bucket rain gauge
Stormwater is this component of the hydrologic cycle.
Runoff
This type of topography is known for having sinkholes and caves.
Karst topography
What is the nitrate loading in mg/hour if the stream flow is 0.025 m3/s and the concentration is 1.2 mg/L?
Nitrate loading = 108,000 mg/hour
The rate of groundwater movement depends on these two factors.
1) porosity and 2) permeability
The loss of water to the atmosphere from vegetation.
Transpiration
LID is an acronym that stands for this.
Low Impact Development
Floodplain management practices in southern Ontario are historically influenced by this weather event.
Hurricane Hazel
Precipitation = 850 mm/year
Infiltration = 150 mm/year
Runoff = 280 mm/year
Evaporation = ? m/year
E = P - I - R = 850mm/yr - 150mm/yr - 280mm/yr = 420 mm/yr
Evaporation = 0.420 m/year
This type of aquifer is covered by an aquitard and is not open to the atmosphere.
Confined aquifer
A graph illustrating rainfall intensity over time.
Hyetograph
The most common type of end-of-pipe stormwater management facility.
Stormwater retention pond
These occur where stormwater and sewage are in the same sewer system.
Combined Sewer Overflows
Calculate the volume of water in a well in Liters with the following measurements:
Volume = 0.7854d2h
inside diameter = 5.1 cm
static water level = 2.55 m
total well depth = 10.68 m
Volume = 0.7854 d2 h
= 0.7854 (0.051 m)2 (10.68 - 2.55) = 0.0166 m3 = 16.60 L
This subsurface zone is also known as the vadose zone.
Unsaturated zone
Direct measurement methods to quantify 1) infiltration and 2) evaporation.
1) Double-ring infiltrometer, 2) Class A Pan
List three factors that will affect the volume of runoff produced during a rain event.
Land use, soil type, vegetation
The Walkerton tragedy was caused primarily by this pathogen in this water source.
E. coli in a groundwater well
Use the Rational Equation (Qp=0.278CiA) to determine peak rate of runoff using the following data:
Rainfall intensity (i) = 30 mm/hour
Watershed area (A) = 15 km2
Land use = 2 km2 of apartments; 13 km2 of detached residential multiunits
Runoff coefficients = 0.50-0.70 apartments, 0.40-0.60 detached multiunits
Qp = 0.278CiA, C for apartments = 0.60, C for detached multiunits = 0.50
= 0.278 (0.51)(30 mm/hr)(15 km2) = 63.80 m3/s
The Fonthill Kame-Delta Complex is a significant groundwater feature for these three reasons.
It is 1) an important groundwater recharge area, 2) a source water drinking water for private residents, and 3) groundwater discharge areas (i.e. springs) support upper 12-Mile Creek
Increased ubanization will change the shape of a storm hydrograph in these two ways.
1) Higher peak flow and 2) shorter lag time
Enhanced protection requires this end-of-pipe percent removal of this contaminant.
80% removal of total suspended solids
Roger Santiago's guest lecture focused on cleaning up this type of media using these three different remediation approaches.
Sediment clean-up using 1) monitored natural recovery, 2) in-situ remediation and 3) ex-situ remediation