Science YAY
What is the exact definition of Science according to our textbook? Then how does it differ form ideology?
What is the systematic formulation, testing, and evaluation of theories to acquire knowledge of reality.
It is not like ideology because ideology is not flexible; it does not welcome new theories when new evidence comes out.
What are the four types of operators we have gone over, and for each one what makes them false?
What are Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation, and Conditional
Conjunction: At least one conjunct is false
Disjunction: Both disjuncts are false
Negation: If the variable is True
Conditional: Only when T -> F
The New York Times reported that one-third of Republican senators have been guilty of Senate ethics violations. But you know that’s false, the Times is a notorious liberal rag.
What is Genetic Fallacy
In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, describe the cave; what's there and be descriptive with this
Must include:
a) Prisoners being chained down looking at shadows on the wall
b) A fire that casts shadows based on people moving by it with real objects in their hands
These are the two ways we determine if an enumerative induction is wrong. The give the four criteria for judging analogies.
What are: Size and Representativeness.
Then its relevant similarities, relevant dissimilarities, number of instances, and diversity among cases.
These are the four case studies we have addressed during Chapter 11: Judging Scientific Theories
What are: 1) Heliocentric vs Geocentric 2) Evolutionary Biology vs Creationary Science 3) Crop Cycles 4) Psychic Medium (communication with spirits)
Name all the valid and invalid argument types we have gone over.
What are VALID: Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens, Disjunctive Syllogism, and Hypothetical Syllogism
INVALID: Affirming the consequent & Denying the Antecedent
If today you can make teaching evolution in public schools a crime, then tomorrow you can make it a crime to teach it in private schools. Then you can ban books and other educational materials that mention evolution. And then you can ban the very word from all discourse. And then the anti-science bigots will have won
What is Slippery Slope
In the Ring of Gyges allegory, how does one activate the ring to turn one invisible? Secondly what what is the point of this allegory. Essentially, what was Glaucon trying to show
What is a)Turning the ring towards oneself (represents egoism) & b)Provide a situation in which punishment could be completely avoided (no consequences to one's action)
According to Rene Descartes, science needs to include this type of knowledge to conquer philosophical skepticism.
What is a foundational and certain knowledge that cannot be doubted at all.
These are the three types of possibilities we have discussed in class. Explain what these mean as well.
What are: Logical Impossibility, Logical Possibility, and Physical Possibility
LI: Leads to a contradiction (A and ~A at the same time and place)
LP: Not constrained by laws of nature, but does not lead to contradiction
PP: Constrained by laws of nature
Explain what the following means: Validity, Soundness, Strength and Cogency
What are:
1) If the premises are assumed to be true, then conclusion follows
2) 1 + The premises are true as well
3) If the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is likely to follow
4) 3 + The premises are true as well
Bill is an investment banker, drives a Cadillac, is overweight, and votes Republican. John is also an investment banker, drives a Cadillac, and is overweight. So John probably votes Republican too
What is Faulty Analogy
What are the following definitions of justice according to these three figures: Cephalus, Polymarchus, and Thrasymachus
What are a) Being honest and paying back one's debts; b) Do good onto your friends and bad onto your enemies; c) Advantage of the stronger
These are Roger Bacon's Four Idols, and explain what each one means.
What are:
1) Tribe: Perception and thoughts do not automatically map onto reality
2) Cave: People are influenced by their past, culture, and obligations
3) Marketplace: Language is not neutral; needs to be precise
4) Theater: People tend to exaggerate even normal claims
Name the five steps of the scientific method as outlined by our textbook. Then give the major difference between controlled studies versus population studies.
What are Pose a question, Devise a hypothesis, Devise a test, Perform the test, compare with alternative explanations.
Controlled studies: Tests for direct causation
Population studies: Test for associations, indirect causation
Translate the following:
1) It is not the case that Leo and John both sing
2) Neither Leo nor John sing
3) Leo does not sing and John does not sing
4) It is not the case that both Leo and John sing
What are:
1) ~(L & J)
2) ~(L v J)
3) ~L & ~J
4) ~L v ~J
Double Duty here:
a) Geraldo says that students who cheat on exams should not automatically be expelled from school. But it’s ridiculous to insist that students should never be punished for cheating.
b) Suppose that water cannot freeze. If water cannot freeze, then ice cannot exist. But obviously ice does exist. Therefore, water can freeze
What are Straw Man and Begging the Question
In Descartes' Meditations what are the two examples meant to challenge the two sources of acquiring knowledge. Give both the examples and what they are meant to call int doubt
What are dreaming to challenge sensation (experiences through the five senses) & Evil God or Demon to challenge rationality or logic
This was the year Plato was born
(Closest gets the points)
What is 428 B.C.
What are the seven warning signs of science?
(Most Right Gets the Point)
What are 1) The discoverer pitches the claim directly to the media. 2) The discoverer says that a powerful establishment is trying to suppress his or her work. 3) The scientific effect involved is always at the very limit of detection. 4) Evidence for a discovery is anecdotal. 5) The discoverer says a belief is credible because it has endured for centuries. 6) The discoverer has worked in isolation. 7) The discoverer must propose new laws of nature to explain an observation.
Translate the following into logical form:
If Billy shot the sheriff but he didn’t shoot the deputy, then he’s guilty of only one crime. But it’s not true that he shot the sheriff but didn’t shoot the deputy. Therefore, it’s not the case that he’s guilty of only one crime. (GOOOD LUCK)
p—Billy shot the sheriff.
q—He shot the deputy.
r—He’s guilty of only one crime.
(p & ∼q) → r
∼(p & ∼q)
∴ ∼r
“The only proof capable of being given that an object is visible, is that people actually see it. The only proof that a sound is audible, is that people hear it: and so of the other sources of our experience. In like manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable, is that people actually desire it.”
What is Equivocation
This one was definitely hard
How does Socrates defeat Thrasymachus' claim the justice is truly the advantage of the stronger; and specifically about those who rule?
Socrates compares ruling to the other crafts such as medicine being a ship captain. The advantage for each craft is to benefit those to which the craft is directed towards. Medicine for Patients; Ship Captain for crewmates. Ruling likewise is for the citizens!
Give all the first names of everyone in this class :)(Most gets the point)
What are: Landon, Ephraim, Daria, Hunter, Isairelys, Bella, Scott, Sabrina, Kimberly, Michefaida, Anshika, Isabella, Noah, Sue, Skyler, Aaron, Larissa, Parnian, Elizabeth, Casey, Peyton, and Pascha (22 in Total)