People & Power
This sociologist argued that crime is normal because it clarifies moral boundaries.
Who is Emile Durkheim?
This economic system emphasizes private ownership and profit.
What is capitalism?
Jobs with stability, benefits, and higher pay belong to this labour market.
What is the primary labour market?
Public order offences like gambling and prostitution are classified under this concept.
What is moral regulation?
This sector of the economy includes service jobs like retail, policing, and hospitality.
What is the tertiary sector?
He believed workers are alienated from their labour under capitalism.
Who is Karl Marx?
This rule-based organizational form is designed for efficiency and record-keeping.
What is bureaucracy?
According to classical criminology, punishments must meet this standard to reduce crime.
What is proportionality (or being proportionate to the crime)?
This phenomenon describes how women fear crime more than men, despite being less likely to be victims.
What is the fear-gender paradox?
These jobs, often called “McJobs,” offer low pay, instability, and few benefits.
What is the secondary labour market?
His concept of charismatic authority explains power based on personal magnetism.
Who is Max Weber?
This criminological view argues that law protects the wealthy and powerful.
What is the conflict view of law?
This theory argues deviance arises when cultural goals cannot be met through legitimate means.
What is strain theory?
Media-driven exaggerations of threats often create these widespread reactions.
What are moral panics?
These legal scholars argue that law is never neutral and serves dominant groups.
What are critical legal studies theorists?
This criminologist said people learn criminal behaviour from peers through “excess of definitions.”
Who is Edwin Sutherland?
This perspective argues that racism is embedded in modern legal structures.
What is Critical Race Theory?
These workforce organizations negotiate wages and working conditions collectively.
What are labour unions?
This term refers to the lowest point of crime rates in Canada since the early 1990s.
What is the Crime Severity Index trend (lowest level in 25+ years)?
According to conflict theorists, these environments result when laws privilege certain groups and produce crime.
What are criminogenic environments?
She developed the concept of bifurcated consciousness to describe women living in two worlds.
Who is Dorothy Smith?
In Merton’s framework, rejecting both cultural goals and legitimate means describes this mode of adaptation.
What is retreatism?
Cloward & Ohlin’s theory claims deviance requires access to these specialized learning spaces.
What are illegitimate opportunity structures (or deviant learning environments)?
This criminological perspective argues deviance exists because it promotes social unity and change.
What is functionalism?
This form of political system includes state regulation of health care, education, and welfare alongside capitalism.
What is state/welfare capitalism?