Hemodynamic disorders
This term refers to increased blood volume within tissues due to active arteriolar dilation, such as in exercise or inflammation.
Arterial hyperemia
These five classic signs summarize the local manifestations of acute inflammation.
Rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, and functio laesa
Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve these antibodies.
IgE antibodies
This is the principal buffer system of the blood, involving carbonic acid
Bicarbonate buffer system
This type of hypoxia results from decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
anemic hypoxia
Passive congestion of organs is typically caused by this general phenomenon.
Impaired venous outflow
This granulocyte is the first cellular responder in acute inflammation.
Neutrophil
Myasthenia gravis and Graves disease are classic examples of this type of hypersensitivity.
Type II hypersensitivity
: A primary increase in CO₂ due to hypoventilation causes this acid–base disorder.
Respiratory acidosis
Cyanide poisoning causes this type of hypoxia by blocking oxidative phosphorylation.
histotoxic hypoxia
This triad describes the major factors that predispose to thrombosis.
Virchow's triad
This arachidonic acid pathway produces leukotrienes, which mediate bronchoconstriction and chemotaxis.
Lipoxygenase pathway
Immune complexes depositing in tissues (as in SLE) define this hypersensitivity type.
Type III hypersensitivity
n metabolic acidosis, the respiratory system compensates by doing this to CO₂ levels.
hyperventilating to decrease CO₂
his term describes inadequate oxygen delivery due to reduced blood flow, as in shock.
ischemic (circulatory) hypoxia?
In shock, this type results from massive vasodilation leading to relative hypovolemia, often in sepsis or anaphylaxis.
Distributive shock
Chronic inflammation is characterized by infiltration of these three cell types.
Macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells
This type of hypersensitivity is mediated by T cells, not antibodies.
Type IV hypersensitivity
A patient presents with pH 7.52, PaCO₂ 48 mmHg, and HCO₃⁻ 36 mEq/L. Identify the primary acid–base disorder.
metabolic alkalosis with partial respiratory compensation
High altitude causes this type of hypoxia because of reduced atmospheric oxygen pressure.
hypoxic hypobaric hypoxia
In disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), widespread microthrombi cause consumption of platelets and clotting factors, leading to this paradoxical clinical picture.
Simultaneous thrombosis and bleeding
What is substance P responsible for?
Transmitting pain
Contact dermatitis involves activation of this specific T-cell subtype after antigen presentation by Langerhans cells.
CD4+ Th1 cells
Vomiting typically causes this specific acid–base disturbance and why.
metabolic alkalosis due to loss of gastric H⁺ ions?
Cellular injury from hypoxia leads to failure of this critical pump, causing cellular swelling.
Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump