General Chemistry
explain what a buffer does
a buffer solution has weak acids and its conjugate base which can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic component; it is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH and stabilizing it
what is the difference between an ester and an ether
esters have a carbonyl group while ether is single bonded to 2 carbon atoms
define homeostasis
homeostasis is maintenance of a steady state of conditions around a set point through behavioral or physiological feedback loops
name an amino acid with a non polar side chain
alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan, glycine, cysteine
what organ can generate up to 70% of its mass?
liver
what is the molecular geometry of a tetrahedral molecule with 2 lone pairs
bent
what newman projection conformation has the highest energy
eclipsed and gauche
what is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?
incomplete dominance results in a blending of parental traits to create a new, intermediate phenotype in the offspring, while codominance results in the simultaneous and distinct expression of both parental traits
how does km and vmax differ between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition?
km increases and vmax doesn't change in competitive; km doesn't change and max decreases in noncompetitive
who discovered telomerase?
carol greider
why does a double bond have higher bond energy than a single bond?
double bonds have sigma and pi bonds so there is greater orbital overlap and shorter band length; this makes it more difficult to break the double bond since more energy is required as it has higher bond energy
why are arenes so stable?
define epistasis
one gene masks or modifies the expression of another gene at a different locus
T/F: a solution that has a pH of 4 has a lower concentration of H+ than a solution of pH 9
false
what part of the body contains the smallest bones?
ear
state la chatelier's principle
if a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in temperature, pressure, or concentration, the system will shift to counteract the change and re-establish a new equilibrium
what kind of reagent is LiAlH4 and how does it interact?
strong nucleophilic reducing agent by providing a hydride ion and allowing the molecule to be protonated
define polycistronic
mRNA molecule that can encode for multiple different proteins from a single transcript
how does SDS-PAGE separate proteins?
SDS-PAGE separates proteins primarily by size and molecular weight through a combination of a denaturing agent (SDS) and a gel matrix; the SDS unfolds proteins into linear chains and coats them with a uniform negative charge, while the polyacrylamide gel acts as a sieve, with smaller proteins moving through the pores faster than larger ones
how much saliva do humans produce per day?
1-2 liters
how does a salt bridge work in a galvanic cell?
it completes the electrical circuit in a galvanic cell and maintains charge neutrality by allowing ions to flow between the two half-cells; it prevents the buildup of positive charge in the anode compartment and negative charge in the cathode compartment, which would otherwise stop the flow of electrons and halt the reaction
define racemic mixture
solution containing equal amounts of 2 enantiomers
what type of animal can make the majority of their heat through metabolism?
endotherm
what are unique features of a GPCR?
7 transmembrane channel, alpha/beta/gamma subunit, GEFs
the human nose can detect over how many scents?
1 trillion