DRSABCD
Why is "danger” the first step in DRSABCD, and give one outdoor-specific example.
It ensures the first aider is safe before helping the casualty. Adequate example is given.
Why is cooling a burn with ice not recommended?
Ice can cause further tissue damage by lowering skin temperature too much.
What is the main purpose of immobilising an injury in the outdoors?
Prevents further damage to muscles, bones, joints, and surrounding tissue.
Why does dehydration increase risk of heat illness during outdoor activities?
Less fluid reduces sweat and cooling efficiency, raising core temperature.
What does RICER methods stand for?
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation, Referral
Why is it important to check for normal breathing for no longer than 10 seconds?
To avoid delaying CPR; immediate action is critical if breathing is absent.
Why should you never pop a blister caused by a burn?
Popping increases infection risk and slows healing.
Why is swelling often a sign of a fracture or soft tissue injury?
Inflammation occurs as fluid and blood leak into surrounding tissues.
What is the key difference in body temperature between heat stroke and heat exhaustion?
Heat stroke = dangerously high body temp (>40°C) Heat exhaustion = moderate increase with sweating.
In what situation would the recovery position actually make the airway safer?
If the casualty is unconscious but breathing, it prevents tongue or vomit from blocking the airway.
In CPR, why is the ratio 30 compressions to 2 breaths recommended?
This ratio maximizes blood circulation while still providing oxygen to the lungs.
How does applying firm pressure directly to a wound help stop bleeding?
It compresses blood vessels and encourages clotting.
Why is a broad-arm sling used for a clavicle fracture instead of an elevation sling?
It stabilizes the arm and shoulder while reducing movement at the clavicle
Why should you re-warm a hypothermic casualty slowly rather than quickly?
Rapid warming can cause shock or dangerous heart rhythm changes.
Why is checking for danger first essential for the safety of both the casualty and first aider?
To avoid the first aider becoming a casualty themselves and worsening the situation.
AEDs often say 'shock advised' or 'no shock advised.' Explain what this means about the casualty’s heart rhythm.
'Shock advised' = shockable rhythm
'No shock' = non-shockable rhythm
A student steps on a nail and has a small puncture wound. What is the first thing you should do?
Check for danger - see if the nail is still present.
If you suspect a broken leg during a hike and no splint is available, how could you safely improvise?
Use sticks, jackets, or backpacks to immobilize the leg and tie them securely.
Why is pressure immobilisation the correct method for a snake bite?
It slows venom spread without restricting blood flow.
What should you do if someone is having an allergic reaction?
Administer an EpiPen if they have one then have them lie down and elevate their feet.
What does COWS stand for and when would you use it in first aid?
Can you hear me?
Open your eyes.
What is your name?
Squeeze my hand.
The response part of DRSABCD
How do you treat a nosebleed?
Sit upright, lean slightly forward, and apply firm pressure to the soft part of your nose just below the bony ridge for at least 10 minutes.
Why should you avoid moving a casualty with a suspected spinal injury unless absolutely necessary?
Movement can worsen spinal damage and possibly cause paralysis.
During a 3-hour bush hike, a student collapses in the sun. They are hot, confused, sweating heavily, and complaining of a headache. How would you treat this student?
Assess responsiveness, move casualty to shade or cooler area, remove excess clothing, cool with damp cloths or water, monitor vital signs and consciousness.
What are the two types of slings we practiced in class?
Arm sling and elevation sling.