Tenderfoot FA
How to prevent and treat frost bite and sunburn
First-degree burns are generally minor and need only treatment with cold water or cool, wet compresses.
Treat frostbite by moving the victim into a shelter such as a tent or building. When an ear or cheek is affected, remove a glove and warm the injury with the palm of your hand. Slip a frostbitten hand under your clothing and against warm skin.If you suspect that frostbite is severe, help the person get into dry clothing, wrap the injured area in a blanket, and get to a doctor as soon as possible.
How to treat an Objects in an Eye.
If something does get into someone's eye, encourage him or her not to rub it. Persons who wear contact lenses should remove them. Ask the person to blink the eyes rapidly. This might allow tears to wash the eye clear. Flushing the eyes with clean water from a faucet, cup, or water bottle can also clear a foreign particle from the eye Another option is to have the person pull the upper eyelid out and down over the lower lid to clear the object. You can also use the corner of a clean handkerchief to lift the object from the eye. If none of these treatments works, cover the injured eye with a dry, sterile gauze pad and get the person to a doctor.
how to treat and dress an ankle sprain and head or arm injury
R = Rest. For immediate first aid, do not try to move or straighten the injured limb. Immobilize severe injuries, and cover open wounds with a sterile dressing. If the injury is not severe, minimize motion and weight-bearing of injured joints or muscles to give them time to heal. (Some motion is actually good for the healing process.)
I = Ice. Apply ice packs or cold compresses to the affected area. To protect bare skin, put a thin towel, T-shirt, or some other cloth around the ice pack and leave the ice in place for no more than 20 minutes at a time. If continued icing is needed, remove the pack for 20 minutes before reapplying.
C = Compression. Wrap the injury with an elastic bandage. The bandage should be snug enough to provide support and help decrease swelling but not so tight that it cuts off circulation; you should be able to slip a couple of fingers under it. Continue to check the injury site as well as above and below the wrapped area frequently for feeling, color, and warmth. Adjust the bandage if it becomes too tight.
E = Elevation. For sprains or strains to an arm or leg, keep the limb raised above the level of the heart to decrease swelling as long as there are no head, neck, or spine injuries.
A head injury can be very serious and should be handled with extreme urgency and care. A cut to the head can cause severe bleeding; call for help immediately for severe cuts.
If the victim is bleeding but conscious, hold a clean cloth over the wound and apply pressure. Keep the victim as comfortable as possible and wait for help to arrive. If you suspect a neck or spinal injury, protect the spinal column by supporting the victim’s head and neck in the position found. Use a triangular bandage when the entire scalp must be covered.
How to treat a insect and a animal bite
To treat an animal bite, wash the wound with soap and water and flush it with clean water for several minutes. Control bleeding and cover the wound with a sterile bandage. Seek medical attention as soon as possible.
To remove a tick, put on gloves and use tweezers to grasp the tick close to the skin.Gently pull until the tick comes loose. Don’t squeeze, twist, or jerk the tick, which can cause the tick’s mouthparts to break off in the skin.
how to treat heat exhaustion / Dehydration
If someone shows signs of becoming dehydrated, encourage him or her to drink fluids and rest. When the weather is hot, get the person to a shaded place or into an air-conditioned vehicle or building. In cold weather, be sure he or she is wearing enough dry clothing. Help the person reach the shelter of a tent and sleeping bag or a warm building. Keep checking his or her condition, and be ready to provide further first-aid treatment.
Heat exhaustion can be brought on by a combination of dehydration and a warm environment. It is not uncommon during outdoor activities conducted in hot weather, especially if participants are not fully acclimated to the conditions. Signals of heat exhaustion might include:
Follow these steps to treat someone suffering from heat exhaustion.
1. Have the victim lie in a cool, shady place with feet raised. Remove excess clothing.
2. Cool the victim by applying wet cloths to the body and by fanning.
3. If the person is fully alert, let him or her drink some water. The key to treating heat exhaustion is rehydration.
Recovery should be rapid. If symptoms remain, call for medical help.
Tell not show , How would you transport by yourself and with one other person
Pack-Strap Carry. The pack-strap carry is a way for a single firstaider to carry someone no larger than himself. Use this carry for emergency moves or after determining that a victim can be carried without making his or her injuries worse. Squat down and pull the person onto your back with his or her arms around your neck. Hold the arms firmly and stand up.
Two-Handed Carry. Use this method if the victim is conscious and not seriously injured. With one other rescuer, place your arms on each other’s shoulders. Then link your free arms by grasping each other’s wrists. Ask the injured person to sit on your
linked arms. With the person sitting there comfortably, move your other arms down from each other's shoulders to support the victim's back.
Four-Handed Seat. When no rescue equipment is available, the four-handed seat is the easiest tworescuer carry. It is safe only if the victim is conscious and can hold on. Face the other first-aider and lock arms. Squat down. Have the victim sit on your hands and put his arms around your shoulders.
How to treat and prevent blisters
To help prevent blisters on your feet when hiking, wear shoes or boots that fit well and that have been broken in. Change your socks if they become sweaty or wet..If you do develop a blister, try not to pop it. Breaking a blister increases the chances of infection by bacteria. Instead, cover the tender area with a piece of moleskin or molefoam slightly larger than the affected area. Use several layers if necessary.
How to treat a second degree burn
Medical professionals refer to second-degree burns as partial-thickness burns because the injury goes partway toward the tissue beneath the skin. Blisters are a sign of a second-degree burn.
Treat a second-degree burn by placing the injured area in cool water or applying wet cloths until the pain improves. Allow the injury to dry, then protect it with a sterile gauze pad. Don’t apply butter, creams, ointments, or sprays. These are difficult to remove and might slow the healing process.
Try not to break any blisters; doing so can increase the chance of infection. If a blister does break, protect it with sterile gauze.
Tell the five most common signs of a heart attack. Explain the steps (procedures) in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
The warning signals of a heart attack may include one or more of the following:
= Persistent, uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, pain, or a burning sensation in the center of the chest behind the breastbone. The feeling may spread to the shoulders, arms, and neck. It might last several minutes or longer, and it might come and go. The pain is not always severe.
= Unusual sweating. A person experiencing a heart attack may perspire even though a room is cool.
= Nausea. Stomach distress with an urge to vomit is an example of nausea that may occur in a person experiencing a heart attack.
= Shortness of breath. A feeling of weakness.
Should anyone complain of these symptoms, immediately call for medical help. Don’t delay. Be ready to begin CPR if the heartbeat and breathing stop.
How treat someone who is chocking
If you see a person who is grasping his or her throat and whose face is turning red, ask someone to call 911 or your local emergency number. Then tell the choking person that you know first aid and that you are there to help.
If the person is conscious, stand behind him or her and place your arm across the chest and shoulder. Lean the person forward and, with the heel of your hand, firmly strike the back between the shoulder blades five times. If the victim still cannot breathe, continue to steps 2 and 3.
How to treat heat stroke and hypothermia
Heatstroke is a true medical emergency. Call for medical assistance, then follow these steps to immediately cool the victim.
1. Move the person to an air-conditioned or shady area.
2. Loosen tight clothing and further cool the skin by fanning and applying wet cloths.
3. If you have ice packs, wrap them in a T-shirt, towel, or other thin barrier and place them under the person’s armpits and against the neck and groin. You can also immerse the victim in a shallow pool of water such as a kiddie pool or bathtub.
A. If the person is able to drink, give small amounts of cool water. Never try to give fluids to an unconscious person.
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Move the person into a shelter such as a building or a tent. Remove wet clothing and get the person into dry, warm clothes. Wrap him or her in a sleeping bag, blankets, jackets, or anything handy that could be used.
= If the person is fully conscious and able to swallow, have him or her drink warm liquids (soup, fruit juices, or water). Do not give caffeinated beverages like soft drinks, coffee, and tea, which might actually worsen the hypothermia. The person should also avoid all tobacco products.
= Put towels or T-shirts around water bottles filled with warm water, then position the bottles in the armpit and groin areas.
= Watch the person closely for any change in his condition. Call for help.
How to treat and prevent a venomous snake bite
Keep the victim calm, and gently wash the wound site (as you would any open wound). Remove rings and other jewelry before the area swells.
2. If the bite is on an extremity, restrict movement as much as possible by loosely splinting. Keep the bite site at the approximate level of the heart. Do not apply ice or attempt to cut the skin or suck out the venom. Do not apply a constricting band or elastic bandage.
3. The victim should get medical help as soon as possible, so call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. Someone who has been bitten by a venomous snake might not be affected by the venom for an hour or more. Within that time, the closer to medical attention you can get the victim, the better off he or she will be. If help is not nearby, you and one or more others should carry the victim. As a last resort, help the victim walk toward help.
4, Whether you are waiting for help to arrive or are transporting the victim, continue encouraging the person to stay calm. He or she might be frightened, so keep assuring him or her that you are providing care.
5. Treat for shock, but don’t elevate the affected limb.
How to treat hyperventilation
Treat hyperventilation by talking quietly to the victim and encouraging him or her to calm down and breathe slowly, taking one breath every five seconds. It can also help to have the victim breathe through pursed lips or to breathe through his or her nose with one nostril closed. The idea is to reduce the amount of air he or she is breathing.