Chapter 6 and 7
Restlessness or irritability Altered level of consciousness Nausea or vomiting Pale, ashen (grayish), cool, moist skin Rapid breathing Rapid, weak heartbeat Excessive thirst
what are the Signs and Symptoms of Shock?
Trouble breathing. Pain, such as chest pain, abdominal pain or a headache. Changes in level of consciousness, such as being confused or unaware of one’s surroundings, or becoming unresponsive. Light-headedness or dizziness. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or stomach cramps. A fever. Pale or very flushed skin, which may be excessively sweaty or dry, or excessively hot or cold. Problems seeing or speaking (e.g., blurred vision or slurred speech). Numbness, weakness or paralysis. Seizures.
what are the Signs and Symptoms of Sudden Illness?
what are the most common food you can choke on?
Nuts and seeds
Hot dogs and sausages
Chunks of meat or cheese
Chunks of fruit (such as apples) and whole grapes.
Raw vegetables (such as carrots and celery)
Popcorn
Peanut butter
Hard, gooey or sticky candy (such as
peppermint candies, fruit strips, marshmallows,
gummy bears and chewing gum)
Large foods that break easily into small pieces
(such as teething biscuits and cookies)
what causes a heart attack?
A heart attack occurs when blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked (e.g., as a result of coronary artery disease). Because the cells in the affected area of the heart muscle are not receiving the oxygen and nutrients they need, they die, causing permanent damage to the heart muscle (Figure 3-1). Seeking advanced medical care as soon as you recognize the signs and symptoms of a heart attack can minimize the damage to the heart and may save the person’s life.
how to Check a Person Who Appears to Be Unresponsive.
Check for responsiveness and breathing for no more than 5 to 10 seconds. Isolated or infrequent gasping is not normal breathing. Send someone to call 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number and to obtain an AED and first aid kit. Interview bystanders (using SAMPLE as a guide) and do a head-to-toe check to gather more information. Place the person into the recovery position by rolling the person onto his or her side. Send someone to call 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number and to obtain an AED and first aid kit (or, if you are alone, complete these actions yourself).If the person is face-down, carefully roll the person onto his or her back. If necessary, move the person to a firm, flat surface. Immediately begin CPR (starting with compressions) and use an AED as soon as possible, if you are trained in these skills.
Have the person lie flat on his or her back. Control any external bleeding. Cover the person with a blanket to prevent loss of body heat. Do not give the person anything to eat or drink, even though he or she may complain of thirst. Eating or drinking increases the person’s risk for vomiting and aspiration (inhalation of foreign matter into the lungs). Aspiration can cause serious complications, such as pneumonia. Provide reassurance, and help the person rest comfortably. Anxiety and pain can intensify the body’s stress and speed up the progression of shock. Continue to monitor the person’s condition and watch for changes in level of consciousness.
how to First Aid Care for Shock
Causes of Respiratory Distress?
A number of different conditions can cause respiratory distress, including acute flare-ups of chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); lung and respiratory tract infections (such as pneumonia or bronchitis); severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis); heart conditions (such as a heart attack or heart failure); trauma; poisoning; drug overdose; electrocution; and mental health conditions (such as panic disorder).
What are the Signs and Symptoms of Choking?
A person who is choking typically has a panicked, confused or surprised facial expression. Some people may place one or both hands on their throat. The person may cough (either forcefully or weakly), or he or she may not be able to cough at all. You may hear high-pitched squeaking noises as the person tries to breathe, or nothing at all. If the airway is totally blocked, the person will not be able to speak, cry or cough. The person’s skin may initially appear flushed (red), but will become pale or bluish in color as the body is deprived of oxygen.
What are the Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Attack?
Chest pain, which can range from mild to unbearable. The person may complain of pressure, squeezing, tightness, aching or heaviness in the chest. The pain or discomfort is persistent, lasting longer than 3 to 5 minutes, or going away and then coming back. It is not relieved by resting, changing position or taking medication. It may be difficult to distinguish the pain of a heart attack from the pain of indigestion, heartburn or a muscle spasm. Discomfort or pain that spreads to one or both arms, the back, the shoulder, the neck, the jaw or the upper part of the stomach Dizziness or light-headedness, Trouble breathing, including noisy breathing, shortness of breath or breathing that is faster than normal, Nausea or vomiting, Pale, ashen (gray) or slightly bluish skin, especially around the face and fingers, Sweating, A feeling of anxiety or impending doom, Extreme fatigue (tiredness), Unresponsiveness
WHat items do First Aid Kits have?
2 latex-free gloves
8 sterile gauze pads
4 roller bandgages
1 elastic bandages
3 or 4 bandages
5 antiseptic wipe packets
etc
Bleeding that occurs inside the body, into a body cavity or space.
What is internal bleeding?
What do Asthma Inhalers and Nebulizers do?
Inhalation allows the medication to reach the airways faster and work quickly. There also are fewer side effects. Medications are inhaled using a metered dose inhaler (MDI), a dry powder inhaler (DPI) or a small-volume nebulizer.
how to give Back blows?
To give back blows, position yourself to the side and slightly behind the person. For a child, you may need to kneel. Place one arm diagonally across the person’s chest (to provide support) and bend the person forward at the waist so that the person’s upper body is as close to parallel to the ground as possible. Firmly strike the person between the shoulder blades with the heel of your other hand. Each back blow should be separate from the others.
What are the difference between Man and Woman with a heart attack?
Men usually have Chest pain, Radiating pain, Secondary signs and symptoms. Women have Shortness of breath, Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, Fatigue, Dizziness, Sweating, Back or jaw pain
What to do when and there is Injured or Ill child/
If the child’s parent or guardian is present, remember to get the parent’s or guardian’s consent to give care. Be aware that children often take emotional cues from the adults around them. If the child sees that adults are upset, the child’s anxiety and panic may increase. Stay calm, and encourage the child’s parent or guardian to do the same. The child’s parent or guardian can be a valuable source of information if the child is not able to speak for him- or herself. However, if the child is old enough to understand and answer your questions, speak directly to the child using age-appropriate language, rather than addressing your questions to the parent or guardian. If the care you need to provide will cause discomfort or pain, describe what the child can expect to feel in terms the child can understand. Never make promises or statements that you cannot support (e.g., do not say that something will not hurt if it will).Take into consideration the child’s developmental stage.
The area may appear red or purple, and there may be swelling. The bruised area is often painful.
What are the Signs and Symptoms of Closed Wounds?
what are the different types of Inhalers and Nebulizers?
Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs), Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs), Small-Volume Nebulizers
How to give Abdominal thrusts.
To give abdominal thrusts, stand behind the person, with one foot in front of the other for balance and stability. If possible, place your front foot between the person’s feet. Wrap your arms around the person’s waist. Alternatively, if the person is a child, you can kneel behind the child, wrapping your arms around the child’s waist. Find the person’s navel by placing one finger on the person’s navel, and the adjacent finger above the first. Make a fist with your other hand and place the thumb side just above your fingers. Cover your fist with your other hand and give quick, inward and upward thrusts into the person’s abdomen. Each abdominal thrust should be separate from the others.Continue giving sets of back blows and abdominal thrusts until the person can cough forcefully, speak, cry, or breathe, or the person becomes unresponsive. After the choking incident is over, even if the person seems fine, he or she should still be evaluated by a healthcare provider to make sure there is no damage to the airway or other internal injuries.
What is a cardiac arrest?
Cardiac arrest is not the same as a heart attack. Remember, a heart attack occurs when blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing part of the heart muscle to die. Cardiac arrest, on the other hand, occurs when the heart stops beating or beats too ineffectively to circulate blood to the brain and other vital organs. A network of special cells in the heart muscle conducts electrical impulses that coordinate contraction, causing the heart to beat rhythmically. In cardiac arrest, the electrical impulses become abnormal and chaotic. This causes the heart to lose the ability to beat rhythmically, or to stop beating altogether.
what to do with a the Injured or Ill Person Is an Older Adult.
Pay attention to how the person introduces him- or herself. If the person gives a last name, consider addressing the person more formally (e.g., “Mr. Johnson” rather than “Bill”) as a sign of respect. A family member, caregiver or other person who knows the older adult well can be a valuable source of information if the older adult is not able to speak for him- or herself. However, if the older adult is able to understand and answer your questions, speak directly to him or her, rather than addressing your questions to others who might be present. Speak clearly and loudly enough for the person to hear you, but do not shout. If the person does not seem to understand what you are saying, change your words, not the volume of your voice, unless you spoke too softly. When interviewing the person, avoid rushing Allow the person enough time to process your questions and respond. Be aware that in older people, the signs and symptoms of a medical emergency may be very general and nonspecific, and they may not even be noticeable to someone who does not know the person well. General signs and symptoms that could indicate a medical emergency in an older adult include headache, a change in the person’s usual level of activity, a change in mental status (such as agitation, the new onset of confusion, or increased confusion in a person who is already confused), lethargy (extreme drowsiness or sleepiness) and difficulty sleeping. Many older adults have impaired hearing, vision or both. If the person seems confused,make sure the “confusion” is not just the result of being unable to hear you or see you clearly. If the person normally wears a hearing aid, make sure it is in place and turned on. If the person usually wears glasses, make sure he or she has them on.
Applying a cold pack to the bruised area can help to decrease the bleeding and reduce pain and swelling. To make a cold pack, fill a sealable plastic bag with a mixture of ice and water. Before applying the cold pack to the person’s skin, wrap it in a thin, dry towel to protect the skin from injury. Hold the cold pack in place for no more than 20 minutes, and then wait at least 20 minutes before applying the cold pack again. If the person is not able to tolerate a 20-minute application, apply the cold pack for periods of 10 minutes on and off. Elevating the injured area may help to reduce swelling, but do not elevate the injured area if doing so causes pain.
What is First Aid Care for Closed Wounds?
Epinephrine is a drug that slows or stops the effects of anaphylaxis. If a person is known to have an allergy that could lead to anaphylaxis, he or she may carry an epinephrine auto injector (a syringe system, available by prescription only, that contains a single dose of epinephrine).
what is Epinephrine?
how many back blow do give to an adult that is chocking
5 back blows
What is an AED? and how does it help?
While CPR can help to prevent brain damage and death by keeping oxygenated blood moving throughout the body, an AED can correct the underlying problem for some people who go into sudden cardiac arrest. Two abnormal heart rhythms in particular, ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) and ventricular tachycardia (V-tach), can lead to sudden cardiac arrest. In V-fib, the heart muscle simply quivers (fibrillates) weakly instead of contracting strongly. In V-tach, the heart muscle contracts too fast (tachy- means “fast”). Both abnormal rhythms impair the heart’s ability to pump and circulate blood throughout the body and are life threatening. However, in many cases, V-fib and V-tach can be corrected by an electrical shock delivered by an AED. This shock disrupts the heart’s electrical activity long enough to allow the heart to spontaneously develop an effective rhythm on its own. Starting CPR immediately and using an AED as soon as possible gives the person the best chance for surviving cardiac arrest
what to do with an the Injured or Ill Person Has a Disability.
A family member, caregiver or other person who knows the injured or ill person well can be a valuable source of information if the person is not able to speak for him- or herself. However, if the person is able to understand and answer your questions, speak directly to him or her, rather than addressing your questions to others who might be present. A person with a disability may use a service animal. Be aware that service animals are trained to protect their owners, and both the service animal and the person may become anxious if they are separated. Allow the service animal to stay with the person if possible. If the person wears an assistive device (e.g., a leg brace), do not remove the device when you are examining the person.