Freedom of Speech
This First Amendment freedom protects sharing opinions, whether popular or unpopular.
What is freedom of speech?
This 1969 case protected students who wore black armbands to school as a protest.
What is Tinker v. Des Moines?
This freedom protects communication through newspapers, magazines, radio, television, video, and the internet.
What is freedom of the press?
This First Amendment freedom protects people’s right to gather with others peacefully.
What is freedom of assembly?
The First Amendment restricts the government from doing this to protected speech.
What is abridging, or restraining it?
This kind of expression communicates ideas through actions or symbols rather than spoken or written words.
What is symbolic speech?
In this 1919 case, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction of a man who mailed leaflets opposing the World War I draft.
What is Schenck v. United States?
This term means the government stops publication before it happens.
What is prior restraint?
In Edwards v. South Carolina, protesters marched at this state government location while opposing segregation.
What is the South Carolina statehouse?
This 1919 doctrine described speech that could be restricted when it created a serious danger, such as a deliberate false alarm.
What is the clear and present danger doctrine?
In Tinker v. Des Moines, students wore these to protest the Vietnam War.
What are black armbands?
In this 2012 case, the Supreme Court ruled that the Stolen Valor Act violated the First Amendment.
What is United States v. Alvarez?
In New York Times v. United States, the government argued that publishing these kinds of documents about the Vietnam War should be stopped.
What are classified documents?
The Edwards ruling said that unpopular views communicated in this manner must be protected.
What is peacefully?
The Tinker test asks whether student expression causes this level of disruption to school operations.
What is substantial disruption?
The Tinker ruling said student expression could be limited if it caused this significant interference with school activities.
What is substantial disruption?
In this 1971 case, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of a newspaper seeking to publish classified documents about the Vietnam War.
What is New York Times v. United States?
The Supreme Court ruled for The New York Times because the government failed to prove that publication would cause this kind of danger to the nation.
What is grave and irreparable danger?
This movement began in 2013 after the killing of Trayvon Martin and used a hashtag to speak out against violence toward Black people.
What is the Black Lives Matter movement?
The press may face limits intended to protect national security or prevent this harmful false publication about someone.
What is libel?
In United States v. Alvarez, the Supreme Court struck down the Stolen Valor Act, finding that false statements alone generally do not justify this kind of punishment.
What is criminal punishment?
In this 1963 case, the Supreme Court reversed convictions of people who peacefully protested segregation at a statehouse.
What is Edwards v. South Carolina?
This burden generally makes it difficult for the government to stop publication in advance.
: What is the government’s heavy burden to justify prior restraint?
After George Floyd was murdered in 2020, protests spread across the United States and other countries to call for these goals
What are social justice and equality for Black Americans?
Peaceful assembly is protected, but this conduct may be restricted to protect safety, property, and others’ rights.
What is violent or destructive conduct?