Nervous System
When a neuron is sufficiently stimulated, "it" travels down the axon to the nerve terminal and triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
What is an action potential?
The process that leads to decreased muscle mass and strength with age
What is Sarcopenia?
The primary function of joints.
What is to allow all the various movements of the skeleton, connect bones, and provide cushioning between bones?
Although present in the dermis and hypodermis, the epidermis is missing these.
What are blood vessels?
Major cavities of the body
What are the anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal), cranial, and abdominopelvic cavities?
Two mechanisms by which neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic space.
What are degradation and reuptake?
Degradation is caused by enzymes in the synaptic space; reuptake occurs via transporter proteins moving neurotransmitter back into the presynaptic neuron for reuse.
Two reasons why strong muscles are important
What are they help people stay physically active,(important for physical, mental health), and they keep bones healthy?
Causes accelerated bone loss in astronauts due to increased osteoclastic activity and decreased osteoblastic activity
What is Microgravity?
It separates the epidermis and dermis, but also anchors these layers together.
What is the basement membrane?
It helps complete a process that has a cutoff point, like blood clotting and childbirth.
What is positive feedback?
The three different types of synapses.
What are axodendritic, axosomatic, and axoaxonic synapses?
The three types of muscle fibers.
What are slow oxidative, fast oxidative, and fast glycolytic fibers?
The three major types of movement allowed by joints
What are gliding, angular, and rotational movements?
The process when keratinocytes migrate outward, harden, dehydrate, and die
What is keratinization?
The two major divisions of the skeleton, and what they consist of.
What are the axial skeleton (head, neck, and trunk) and the appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limbs)?
Examples of neurotransmitters from each major classification.
What are glycine (amino acids), substance P (neuropeptides), epinephrine (monoamines), and acetylcholine (it's in a whole other class by itself, so there are no examples of it)?
Four hip muscles, with their insertions and primary actions
What are the gluteus maximus (iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur, hip extension and abduction), gluteus medius (the lateral side of the greater trochanter of the femur, abduction and internal rotation of the femur), adductor longus (the medial lip of the linea aspera of the femur, adduction of the femur), and gracilis (the medial surface of the proximal tibia through the pes anserinus, adduction of the femur and flexion of the hip)?
The form of motion that increases or decreases the angle between two bones across any plane in the body.
What is angular movement, such as flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction?
Blue discoloration of the skin caused by low oxygen levels in the blood.
What is cyanosis?
The function of serous fluid between the parietal and visceral membranes of the ventral cavity
What is to lubricate and reduce friction?
Loss of neurons in this part of the brain leads to Parkinson's disease
What is the substantia nigra?
The smallest muscle in the human body
What is the stapedius muscle?
The six types of synovial joints and their functions
What are plane joints (unite bones using cartilage), hinge joints (uniaxial movement), condylar joints (biaxial movement), ball and socket joints (multiaxial movement), saddle joints (biaxial movement), and pivot joints (uniaxial movement)?
Yellow color of the skin caused by increased bilirubin in the blood, often seen with liver disease
What is jaundice?
A complex circular movement of the shoulder and hip joints
What is circumduction?