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What are some functions of the kidneys?

  • Blood pressure and volume regulation
  • Blood solutes regulation
  • Stabilize pH
  • Stimulate RBC production
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What are the 3 functions of the nephron?

  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular reabsorption (mostly in PCT but can be DCT)
  • Tubular secretion (both PCT and DCT)
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What is the function of podocytes?

  • Support capillaries of glomerulus
  • Have filtration slits to filter water and solutes from blood
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What forces go against filtration in glomerulus?

  • Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capsule
  • Oncotic pressure in glomerulus
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What is the function of renin in the kidneys?

  • Released in response to low blood pressure
  • Causes angiotensin II levels to rise, constricting efferent arteriole
  • Blood flow out of glomerulus slows due to increased resistance of e. arteriole
  • Ensures that GFR remains normal despite low BP
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What is the pathway of urine flow? (hint: starts with the collecting duct)

  • Collecting duct
  • Papillary duct
  • Minor calyx
  • Major calyx
  • Renal pelvis
  • Ureter
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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What is the formula for excretion?

  • Excretion= filtration-reabsorption+secretion
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How do our kidneys help regulate water balance?

  • Drinking and metabolic water (fluid gain) are balanced by formation of urine (fluid loss)
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Large volume of ultrafiltrate is due to what 3 factors?

  • Highly permeable glomerular capillaries
  • Extensive surface area of glomerular capillaries
  • Volume of blood routed through the kidneys
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What is the functional unit of the kidney? And the basic anatomy of that unit

The nephron

  • Renal corpuscle
  • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • Loop of henle (thin descending and thick ascending)
  • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
  • Collecting duct
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In glomerular filtration, substances that are filtered only will be found with (same/greater/less) concentration in blood than/as urine

same

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What is the glomerular filtrate rate (GFR)?

  • Volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute
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Which is not typically found in urine (ions, water, glucose, NH4+)? In what case might it be found?

  • Glucose, in a diabetic patient when glucose levels are too high
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What happens in the nephron? (Say name of structures and basic function of each)

  • Renal corpuscle: initial filtration of blood
  • Proximal convoluted tubule: reabsorption of solute and water
  • Loop of henle: sets up gradient for urine concentration
  • Thin descending: permeable to H2O
  • Thick ascending: active transport of Na+, impermeable to H2O
  • Distal convoluted tubule: water and ion reabsorption, normally permeable to H2O
  • Collecting duct: receives DCTs from several nephrons, water reabsorption and urine concentration (depends on ADH)
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In tubular reabsorption, substances that are filtered and reabsorbed have (same/greater/less) concentration in blood than/as urine

greater

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Filtration is dependent on ____ flow rate

plasma

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How do we use neural regulation of glomerular filtrate rate to regulate blood pressure?

  • A decrease in BP leads to increase in SNS activity, causing vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles in kidneys, which decreases GFR, decreasing urine production, increasing blood volume, and increasing BP
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What are the types of nephrons? Where are their renal corpuscles located?

  • Juxtamedullary nephrons: renal corpuscles close to base of medullary pyramid
  • Cortical nephrons: renal corpuscles in outer part of cortex
  • Intermediate nephrons: renal corpuscles in mid-region of cortex
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In tubular secretion, substances that are filtered and secreted have (same/greater/less) concentration in blood than/as urine

less

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What forces favor filtration in glomerulus?

  • BP in afferent arteriolar pressure
  • Porous capillary walls
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What is the function of macula densa cells?

  • Paracrine regulation of afferent arteriole smooth muscle
  • High osmolarity (can be from high Na+ diet) of the filtrate stimulates macula densa cells to release vasoconstrictors (ATP) which act on the afferent arteriole to decrease GFR
  • Low osmolarity causes macula densa cells to increase GFR and signals juxtaglomerular cells to release renin (RAAS system)