Gas Laws
This law states that gases diffuse from a high to low pressure until equilibrium has been reached
Henry's Law
The part of the throat in the posterior of the mouth is called the ____________________.
Nasopharynx
Oxygen is transported through the blood is two ways. List the two ways and the percentage of O2 transported in each way.
98.5% of O2 travels attached to hemoglobin
1.5% of O2 is dissolves in the plasma
Where is the body would we find Hb 100% saturated with O2?
at the lungs
What process generates CO2 and H2O in the tissues?
Aerobic metabolism
This gas law states that as temperature increases, volume of a gas also increases
Charles' Law
This is the anatomical term for "voice box"
larynx
Carbon Dioxide is transported through the blood in three ways. List the three ways and the percentage of CO2 transported in each way.
1. As bicarbonate ions (HCO3-): 70%
2. As carbaminohemoglobin: 23%
3. Dissolved in plasma: 7%
At resting tissues, PO2 = ______mmHg. This coincides with dissociation of one O2.
40 mmHg
When CO2 and H2O enter a RBC, this enzyme converts then to H2CO3.
Write out the name of H2CO3: _________ ___________.
Carbonic Anhydrase
H2CO3: carbonic acid
This law states that the total pressure of a mix of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of all the gases in the mix
Dalton's Law
This is the flap of cartilage which closes over the trachea when a person is swallowing
Epiglottis
How many O2 molecules can 1 hemoglobin (Hb) bind at a time?
If Hb is currently 25% saturated with O2, how many O2 molecules is each Hb holding?
4 O2
1 O2
Though the Hb-O2 dissociation curve is flat where PO2 is high, why does Hb's affinity for O2 drop steeply between 40mmhg to 20mmHg?
Exercising (more active) tissues need more oxygen quickly
When H2CO3 is produced in the RBC, it immediately dissociates into ____________ and ____________.
H+
According to Boyle's Law, as the volume of a container increases, the gas pressure in the container ______________________.
decreases
When the trachea splits into left and right "tubes", these tubes are called ___________ ____________.
primary bronchi
Define the word affinity as it applies to Hb's affinity for O2. How does this affect Hb's saturation with O2.
Affinity means how strongly/readily Hb will bind to O2.
A high Hb-O2 affinity = high percentage Hb-O2 saturation.
A low Hb-O2 affinity = low percentage Hb-O2 saturation.
Hb saturation with O2 rarely drops below 25% in the venous reserve, even if a tissue is in great need of O2.
What other mechanism compensates to bring more O2 to the tissues that need maximum O2?
vasodilation to those tissues (increase in perfusion)
In the RBC, H+ ions will bind to ___________. This is called allosteric binding since.
_____________ also binds to Hb allosterically.
In both cases, this causes Hb's affinity to ___________ (decrease/increase).
Hb
CO2 (forming carbamino-Hb)
decrease
This gas law explains the concept of Negative Pressure Ventilation
Boyle's Law
These are the structures, covered in pulmonary capillaries, where gas exchange with the blood takes place.
Alveoli
Which two vessels are carrying the highest PO2?
a. Pulmonary arteries
b. Pulmonary veins
c. Systemic arteries
d. Systemic veins
b. pulmonary veins
c. systemic arteries
A Bohr shift, such as that caused by a lower tissue pH, causes the "position of the Hb-O2 sigmoid curve" to shift to the __________ (right/left).
What this really means, is that at a given tissue PO2, Hb will release _________ (more/less) O2 due to the drop in pH.
right
more
When HCO3- (bicarbonate ions) are produced in the RBC, they cannot stay in the ICF permanently. HCO3- ions pushed out of the ICF and _______ions are brought into the ICF to maintain electrical balance.
This is known as the __________ ___________.
chloride (Cl-)
Chloride Shift