Red Flags & TX
T/F: Girls are 3-4 times more likely to stutter than boys
False, boys are more likely
Treatment strategies for cluttering
Reduce rate of speech, teach to plan sentences before producing them, increase awareness
What is Sound Syllable Repetition?
T-t-today
3 causes of stuttering
Organic, learned behavior, psychogenic
What is stuttering?
Abnormally high frequency/duration of stoppages in the forward flow of speech affecting continuity, rhythm, rate, and effortfulness.
T/F: Speech Sound disorders are indicative of persistent stuttering
True
1. What is the goal of Van Riper's approach/stuttering modification?
2. What are the steps to the approach?
1. Goal is not normal fluency, it is more fluent stuttering.
2. Identify stutter, desensitize stutter, modify stutter, use techniques in all environments, and counsel client
What is sound prolongation?
"Vvvvvvvery"
What is cluttering?
Fluency disorder characterized by a rapid/irregular speaking rate, LOTS of disfluencies, speech is unclear and unorganized, jerky
Other symptoms: language/phonological errors, impaired prosody and inefficient discourse management.
1. T/F: Lack of concern/awareness of difficulty is an indicator of stuttering.
2. T/F: Cluttering tends to co-exist with stuttering
1. False; cluttering.. target awareness in treatment
2. True
T/F: Onset after 2 indicator of persistent stuttering
False, 3.5 years
1. What is a cancellation?
2. What is a pull-out?
3. Which main tx approach does this fall under?
1. Stop stuttered word, relax/pause, say again
2. Changes stuttering mid course and use soft articulatory contacts to say word with ease
3. Van Riper (Fluent stuttering, stuttering modification, stutter-more-frequently)
Silent prolongation/Block
I want a ....dog.
What is spoonerisms?
Unintentional changing of sounds in a sentence
Allows client to hear their voice with a fraction of a second delay which causes client to slow rate and prolong vowel. It is eventually faded out.
T/F: If stuttering does not improve or worsens in 12 months
False, 6 months
1. What is the goal for fluency shaping?
2. Implementation (3 things)
3. T/F Work on prosody before stutter-free speech is established
1. Normal Fluency; tx induces stutter-free speech
2. Airflow management, easy soft phonation onset, reduced rate of speech through syllable prolongations w/o pauses
3. False, work on prosody AFTER stutter-free spech
What are some non-stuttered/normal disfluencies?
Interjections (um), phrase repetitions (I was-I was there), revisions (he was; they were driving).
1. What is neurogenic stuttering?
2. T/F: Imitated speech is not disfluent
3. T/F: With this type of stuttering, individuals don't avoid speech attempts
1. Acquired stuttering associated with neurological disorder such as stroke, TBI, dementia.
2. False, it is disfluent
3. True (no avoiding speech attempts)
T/F: Environmental factors play a bigger factor in causing stuttering than genetics.
False; genetics have a bigger factor than environment, but both have a role.
What is a preparatory set?
When a person anticipates a word to be difficult, they mentally prepare to say the word concentrating on each individual sound calmly and fluently
List and explain the 4 environmental stuttering controls.
-Adaptation effect: reduction in stuttering when something is repeatedly read out loud
-Consistency effect: occurrence of stuttering on the same word when a passage is read aloud
-Adjacency effect: occurrence of new stuttering on words that surround previously stuttered words
-Audience size effect: frequency of stuttering increases with an increase in audience size
What are the core behaviors of stuttering?
What are secondary behaviors?
1. repetitions, prolongations, blocks
2. Escape and avoidance behaviors; learned behaviors that are triggered by the experience or anticipation of stuttering.
T/F; If speech is greater than 5% stuttered its considered disfluent/stuttered
True
1. T/F: neurogenic stuttering has no adjacency effect
2. T/F: neurogenic stuttering has minimal variability in stuttering frequency
3. Neurogenic stuttering has no obvious anxiety
1. False: no adaptation effect
2. True
3. True