Chapter One - Facts about stuttering
The basic speech behaviors of stuttering: repetitions, prolongations, and blocks.
What are core behaviors?
These sensory-motor tracks within the brain are less dense in people who stutter
white matter
Developmentally, some children who stutter be advanced in language, but delayed in ___________, thus taxing the speech production system?
What is motor development?
This theory of the cause of stuttering came about when Orton and Travis found many children who stutter started writing as left-handers and then were forced to write with their left hands. The theory supports a brain imbalance as the cause of stuttering.
What is lack of hemispheric dominance theory?
Characteristics that occur only after a moment of stuttering has begun, and may include eye blinks, head nods, and interjections.
What are escape behaviors?
Before treatment, EEG and Brain imaging studies have shown high levels of activity in what part of the brain for PWS?
What is the Right hemisphere?
This is a stressful speaking situation for children who stutter (there are several, only need to list one).
What is competition for speaking, frequent interruptions, display speech, listener inattention, hurriedness, frequent questions, excited when speaking, many things to say. (a single one of these is fine).
In this theory, language unit (phoneme) planning, assembly, and production are interrupted causing stuttering to occur.
What is the covert repair hypothesis?
Ashley, an 18 month old child, replied “Cat....nn...de-de-de .... Coo-Coo-Cookie knocked the plant down. Then Coo-Coo- Coo-Coo-Cookie knocked the plant down.” This term is used to describe her primary core behavior.
What is repetitions?
PWS are slower or show more variability than fluent speakers in what type of non-speech tasks?
What are non-speech motor tasks?
In this type of learning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus and ultimately the neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned physiological response in the person.
What is classical conditioning?
In this theory, it is believed that parents "mis diagnose" normal disfluency as stuttering. This mis-perception causes parents to change their response to the child's talking, which increases stuttered-like disfluencies and eventually stuttering.
What is the diagnosogenic theory?
Yairi and Ambrose (1999) followed a group of 84 children for a minimum of four years after the onset of their stuttering and determined that over this span of time, 74 percent had recovered without treatment. These are the two names used to describe this type of recovery.
Spontaneous or natural
Name two word characteristics associated with stuttering? I.e. PWS stutter more on these type of words...
What are longer words, words at beginning of sentence, nouns/verbs (vs. function words, esp for adults)?
This is something parents can do to REDUCE communication pressure for a child who stutters
What is use a slower speech rate, simplify language, decrease questions, decrease display speech, decrease interruptions?
In this theory, Bloodstein and colleagues explained that children who stutter often have some language or speech experiences that teach them "communication is difficult." High external expectations can also increase communication pressure, causing children to expect struggle with speaking.
_______ indicates how widespread a disorder is, and studies suggest _____% of people currently stutter.
_______ is an index of how many people have stuttered at some time in their lives, which is _______%.
Prevalence, 1%
Incidence, 5%
This type of temperament is somewhat associated with stuttering in children?
What is sensitive or reactive temperament?
This is an example of a life factor often associated with onset of stuttering (there are several)
What is divorce, move, death of family member, toilet training, changing schools, birth of sibling, etc.
In this integrated theory of stuttering, the researchers propose two steps of stuttering behaviors, primary stuttering and secondary stuttering.
What is the two stage model of stuttering?