Risk Factors
Name one factor that increases the risk of developmental stuttering.
A family history of stuttering (genetics).
What’s the difference between “screening” and “assessment”?
Screening is a brief procedure to identify red flags; assessment involves collecting detailed clinical data.
What does TOCS stand for?
Test of Childhood Stuttering.
What might you observe in a child with physical escape behaviors?
Physical behaviors such as facial grimacing or body movements during stuttering.
What percentage of syllables stuttered indicates concern?
More than 5% syllables stuttered is a red flag.
Which gender is more at risk for stuttering?
Males are more at risk for stuttering than females.
Who makes the final diagnosis of a fluency disorder?
The licensed Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP).
What does SSI-4 measure?
Frequency, duration, physical behaviors, and naturalness of stuttering.
What kind of questions would you ask during a parent interview?
When the problem started, what situations make it worse, and family concerns.
What’s the speech rate range for adults during reading?
210–265 syllables per minute for reading in adults.
How can psychological stress influence stuttering?
Psychological stress can trigger or worsen stuttering in children predisposed to it.
What is the role of an SLPA in screening?
SLPAs can assist with screenings and collect information but cannot diagnose or treat independently.
Name one self-report scale for stuttering.
OASES, ACES, or A-19 Scale.
What do you look for in a spontaneous speech sample?
Disfluencies, speech rate, language complexity, and secondary behaviors.
According to Barry Guitar, what is a red flag in 100 words of speech?
10 or more total disfluencies per 100 words; more than two repeated units; 3+ stuttering-like disfluencies.
True or False: Sensory deficits can be a risk factor for stuttering.
True. Sensory deficits, like hearing issues, can be risk factors.
What does “evaluation” involve in the context of fluency disorders?
Evaluation is analyzing assessment data to understand severity and implications.
What does OASES assess?
OASES assesses the impact of stuttering on quality of life across multiple areas.
What are the three core behaviors of stuttering?
Repetitions, prolongations, and blocks.
What might indicate a child does not have a stuttering disorder?
If there are no signs of fear, no avoidance, only whole-word repetitions, and no physical behaviors.
Explain how temperament can affect stuttering severity.
Children with sensitive or reactive temperaments may have more severe reactions to stuttering, impacting fluency.
Put these in order: diagnosis, screening, assessment, evaluation.
Correct order: Screening → Assessment → Evaluation → Diagnosis.
What tool would you use to assess a child’s experience of stuttering?
ACES (Assessment of the Child’s Experience of Stuttering).
Name one secondary behavior often seen in stuttering.
Facial tics, eye blinking, avoidance behaviors, or head movements.
Why is cultural sensitivity important in fluency assessment?
Because stuttering and its perception vary across cultures; assessments should be respectful and accurate.