Potassium
Normal Range of Potassium
3.5-5 mEq/L
Normal Range of Sodium
135-145 mEq/L
Normal range of calcium
8.6-10.2 mg/dL
Normal Range of Chloride
97-107 mEq/L
Explain diffusion.
Tendency of solutes to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until equilibrium happens
What essential organ does potassium play an important part in?
The heart (transmission of electrical impulses)
Fill in the blanks and explain the saying:
Where _____ goes _____ goes.
Where salt goes, water goes.
fluid and sodium are lost or gained together.
1 dietary source of calcium
AND
1 dietary source of magnesium
Ca: Milk, dried beans, green, leafy vegetables, small fish with bones, dried peas and beans
Mag: Green leafy vegetables, nuts, seafoods, whole grains, dried peas and beans, cocoa
What relationship does chloride have with potassium?
Often work together. Low Cl will mean low K and vice versa.
What is the earliest sign of fliud volume deficit?
Tachycardia
Dietary supplements of potassium (Must list 2)
fruit, vegetables, dried peas, beans, whole grains, milk, meats
Dietary supplements of sodium (list 1)
salt, processed foods
At what point does hypercalcemia become a medical emergency?
above 15 mg/dL
2 dietary supplements of phosphate
Meat, poultry, eggs, milk, bread, ready to eat cereals
In a hypertonic solution, how will the cells appear?
flat, shrunk, shriveled.
Signs of hypokalemia (Must list 2)
muscle weakness, leg cramps, fatigue, paresthesia, dysrhythmias
Signs of hyponatremia (list 2)
swelling of the cells, hypotension, edema, muscle cramps, weakness, dry skin
Signs of hypermagnesia (list 2)
nausea, vomiting, weakness, flushing, lethargy, hypoactive deep tendon reflexes, respiratory depression, coma, cardiac arrest
signs of hyperphosphatemia (2)
hyperreflexia, anorexia, muscle weakness, decreased mental status, dysrhythmias
Where can third spaced fluid shift to? List 1 example of a common third spacing area of the body.
Transcellular areas- out of the plasma.
Common sites- pleura, peritoneal (ascites), pericardial, joints, bowels
Signs of hyperkalemia (Must list 3)
skeletal muscle weakness, paresthesia, paralysis, cardiac irregularities, cardiac arrest
signs of hypernatremia (list 3)
restless, agitation, weakness, disorientation, delusions, hallucinations, seizures
calcium has an inverse relationship with what other electrolyte
phosphate
signs of hypochloridemia
hyperexcitability of muscles, tetany, hyperactive DTRs, weakness, muscle cramps
Severe hypoCl- seizures, coma, arrest
What does the blood type A have antigens and agglutinins for?
Antigens: A
Agglutinins: B