Definitions
The concentration of particles in a solution or its pulling power is called this
What is osmolarity?
most common cause of drug induced hyponatremia
what is thiazide diuretics
Sodium
What is 135-145 meq/L?
treating hyponatremia too quickly may cause
What is osmotic demyelination?
This system reacts within a fraction to changes in pH
What is buffer system?
Give the Osmolarity Equation
What is
Calculated osmolality(Na+×2)+glucose/18+BUN/2.8
This condition occurs in the setting of hyperglobulinemia or hypertriglyceridemia, in which plasma water relative to plasma solids is decreased in blood, decreasing the Na concentration in a given volume of blood.
what is pseudohyponatremia?
Potassium
What is 3.5 - 5.0 meq/L?
treatment of hypokalemia
What is give K,chronic hypokalemia give K sparing diuretics such as amiloride, spironolactone, or triamterene?
Acids are excreted by this system.
What is the kidneys/renal system?
condition where...
Plasma osmolality decreased
urine osmolality appropriately low
what is primary polydipsia?
true hyponatremia with elevations in the concentration of an effective osmole can be caused by
What is hyperglycemia and mannitol for treatment of cerebral edema ?
Calcium
What is 8.2-10.7mg/dl?
treatment of hyperkalemia
What is administration of calcium (usually in the form of calcium gluconate or calcium chloride), glucose and insulin, Kayexalate and dialysis?
To determine acidosis or alkalosis, one would check this first.
What is pH?
These hormones regulate fluid balance
What is ADH, Aldosterone and Renin
pH 7.20, PCO2 40, PO2 55, HCO3 18
What is metabolic acidosis?
Magnesium
What is 1.5-2.5 meq/dl?
treatment of patient with anxiety-hyperventilation syndrome and reasoning
What is ebreathing into a paper bag or any other closed system causes the Pco2 to increase with each breath taken and leads to partial correction of hypocapnia?
A positive Chvostek's sign indicates this abnormality.
What is hypocalcemia?
Define osmolality vs tonicity
What is Osmolality refers to all particles in solution, and tonicity describes whether the particles are effective or ineffective osmoles?
Effective osmoles such as Na glucose, or mannitol cannot penetrate cell membranes and can lead to changes in cell volume. Ineffective osmoles such as urea and alcohols pass freely into and out of cells and are unable to effect changes in cell volume.
Two causes of hyponatremia in neurosurgical patients
What is SIADH, and cerebral salt wasting syndrome?
SIADH is a volume-expanded state due to AVP-mediated renal water retention. Cerebral salt wasting is characterized by a contracted EABV resulting from renal salt wasting.
7.35-7.45
What is normal pH?
water deprivation calculation
Water deficit=Current body water(0.6×body weight)×(Na+plasma140−1)?
*use 0.5 for women
Sensors of osmoregulation and volume regulation and their effectors (ie what do they release/control)
What is
hypothalmic osmoreceptors- control thirst and AVP
high and low pressure osmoreceptors- control aldosterone, angiotension II, sympathetic nerves