FVE
This type of fluid volume excess occurs when fluid and solute are gained in proportional amounts, leading to hypervolemia and edema.
What is isotonic fluid volume excess?
This passive process moves water from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane and is the major force in IV fluid therapy.
What is osmosis?
This hormone is released when blood pressure or blood volume drops or when serum osmolality increases, causing the kidneys to hold on to water.
What is ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?
This isotonic crystalloid is the first‑line fluid for burn and trauma patients, but should be avoided in patients who cannot metabolize lactate, such as those with liver disease.
What is Lactated Ringer’s (LR)?
This type of FVD occurs when more water is lost than solute, leading to increased serum osmolality, and can result from watery diarrhea or diabetes insipidus.
What is hypertonic fluid volume deficit?
This type of FVE can result from hypertonic IV fluids, high sodium intake, or conditions like Cushing’s syndrome and hyperaldosteronism.
What is hypertonic fluid volume excess?
Also called capillary fluid movement, this process depends on the balance between hydrostatic and oncotic pressures to determine whether fluid moves into or out of capillaries.
What is filtration?
This hormone is released when the ventricles are stretched, works opposite of aldosterone, and is often elevated in heart failure due to fluid overload.
What is BNP (B‑type natriuretic peptide)?
Containing 154 mEq/L of sodium and chloride, this isotonic fluid is used for resuscitation, shock, mild hyponatremia, and metabolic acidosis, and is compatible with blood products.
What is 0.9% Normal Saline (NS)?
Sunken eyes, flat neck veins, poor skin turgor, and tachycardia
What are symptoms of fluid volume deficit?
This classification of medication can be administered to reduce fluid volume, but you want to monitor for electrolyte depletion.
What are loop diuretics?
This passive movement of solutes from high concentration to low concentration differs from osmosis because it involves particles, not water.
What is diffusion?
Released when blood volume falls, this hormone triggers the active reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys, expanding blood volume.
What is Aldosterone?
Must be given slowly to avoid pulmonary edema and is sometimes used to treat severe hyponatremia.
What is 3% Normal Saline?
This type of FVD occurs when fluid and solute are lost in proportional amounts and is the most common form of dehydration.
What is isotonic fluid volume deficit?
This comorbidity primarily affects fluid excretion, reduces GFR, and leads to an increase in fluid volume.
What is renal failure?
This pulling force created by plasma proteins like albumin keeps fluid inside the vascular space; when it decreases, edema can occur.
What is oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure)?
Released when the atria are stretched from increased blood volume, this hormone tells the kidneys to excrete sodium and water, lowering blood pressure.
What is ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)?
This type of solution can cause cells to swell and lyse.
What is a hypotonic solution?
This type of FVD occurs when more electrolytes are lost than water, decreasing plasma osmolality, and can result from vomiting with only water replacement or thiazide diuretics.
What is hypotonic fluid volume deficit?
This life‑threatening complication of fluid volume excess occurs when increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries forces fluid into the alveoli, leading to crackles, dyspnea, and severe respiratory distress.
What is pulmonary edema?
Known as the pushing force of fluid against capillary walls, this pressure drives fluid out of the intravascular space.
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Released during stress, these adrenal hormones mimic aldosterone by causing the kidneys to retain sodium and water, contributing to fluid retention.
What are Glucocorticoids (cortisol)?
Initially acting hypotonic before becoming isotonic once its sugar is metabolized, this solution provides free water and can help treat hypernatremia—but should never be used in patients with increased ICP.
What is D5W (5% dextrose in water)?
This route of fluid replacement is preferred for mild FVD, using solutions that contain both water and electrolytes.
What is oral rehydration therapy?