Negative Ion
Its normal range is 95-100 mEq/L
Cl-
Sodium level is below 135 mEq/L
Hyponatremia
On CMP testing, its normal range is 3.4-5.4 g/dL
Albumin
A 72-year-old female patient with a history of hypertension and heart failure is admitted to the hospital. She is currently taking furosemide (Lasix) and digoxin. The nurse notes that the patient is experiencing muscle weakness and confusion. Which of the following laboratory results would confirm the nurse's suspicion of hypokalemia?
A) Serum potassium level of 2.8 mEq/L
B) Serum sodium level of 138 mEq/L
C) Serum calcium level of 8.9 mg/dL
D) Serum magnesium level of 1.8 mg/dL
A) Serum potassium level of 2.8 mEq/L
Its normal range is 135-145 mEq/L
Na+
Its normal range is 23-29 mEq/L
HCO3-
Potassium level is below 3.5 mEq/L
Hypokalemia
On ABG testing its normal range is: 7.35-7.45
pH
A 68-year-old male patient with a history of chronic heart failure is admitted to the hospital with confusion, headache, and nausea. He is on a low-sodium diet and taking furosemide (Lasix). The nurse suspects hyponatremia. Which of the following laboratory results would confirm this suspicion?
A) Serum sodium level of 130 mEq/L
B) Serum potassium level of 4.0 mEq/L
C) Serum calcium level of 9.0 mg/dL
D) Serum magnesium level of 2.0 mg/dL
A) Serum sodium level of 130 mEq/L
Its normal range is 3.5-5 mEq/L
Its normal range is 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
PO43-
An excess of fluid volume in the body
hyPERvolemia
On CMP, its normal range is 70-100 mg/dL
Glucose
A 45-year-old female patient is admitted to the emergency department with complaints of dizziness, fatigue, and decreased urine output. She reports having had severe diarrhea for the past three days. Upon assessment, the nurse notes dry mucous membranes and a rapid, thready pulse. Which of the following interventions should the nurse implement first?
A) Administer oral rehydration solution.
B) Start an intravenous line and administer normal saline as prescribed.
C) Monitor the patient's vital signs every 4 hours.
D) Encourage the patient to rest and avoid exertion.
B) Start an intravenous line and administer normal saline as prescribed.
Its normal range is 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
Ca2+
Patient's B/P significantly drop when standing up from seated or lying positive, Systolic -20 mmHg and Diastolic -10 mmHg.
Orthostatic Hypotension
On CMP, its normal range is 6-24 mg/dL
BUN
A 72-year-old female patient is admitted to the hospital for management of dehydration. She reports feeling dizzy and lightheaded when she stands up. The nurse suspects orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to confirm this condition?
A) Measure the patient's blood pressure and heart rate while she is lying down, sitting, and then standing.
B) Instruct the patient to walk around the room and report any dizziness.
C) Check the patient's blood pressure in both arms while she is sitting.
D) Monitor the patient's blood pressure continuously for 24 hours.
A) Measure the patient's blood pressure and heart rate while she is lying down, sitting, and then standing.
Its normal range is 1.7-2.2 mg/dL
An excess fluid accumulation in the body that can occur due to conditions like heart failure, kidney disease, or excess fluid intake.
Fluid overload