Fluid Volume Status
Low blood pressure, tachycardia, flat neck veins
What is hypovolemia?
Pulls fluids from the cells to the intravascular space.
What are hypertonic solutions?
Na+ is found in which fluid
What is extracellular fluid?
Vomiting, continuous nasogastric suction, diaphoresis, diuretics
What are some of the causes of hypokalemia?
Foods high in calcium
What is American cheese, parmesan cheese, plain yogurt?
Smooth muscle relaxant, works with cardiac conduction.
What is the function of serum magnesium?
Hyperventilation causes which acid-base imbalance
What is respiratory alkalosis?
High blood pressure, tachycardia, bulging neck veins.
What is hypervolemia?
No net movement of fluid
What are isotonic solutions?
Hyponatremia and hypernatremia cause what type of changes
What is neurological?
Respiratory and/or metabolic acidosis, renal failure, ACE inhibitors, potassium-sparing diuretics
What are some of the causes of hyperkalemia?
Positive Chvostek's sign and positive Trousseau's sign.
What is seen on assessment with hypocalcemia?
Foods high in magnesium
What is cooked spinach, pumpkin seeds, black beans?
Metabolic system buffer.
What is bicarb? or, base?
What are diuretics?
Extracellular fluid is comprised of which 2
What is interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid?
Hypothermia, tachycardia, hypotension, headache, confusion.
Peaked T waves, widened PR and QRS complex.
What are the ECG changes seen with hyperkalemia?
Bones, teeth, and cells.
Where is calcium stored in the body?
Diminished DTRs, muscle paralysis, shallow respirations, & decreased respiratory rate.
What are the S/S of hypermagnesemia?
Elevated with respiratory acidosis.
What is the PaCO2?
Treatment for hypovolemia.
Role of hemoglobin
What is protein in RBCs that is responsible for transport of O2 and CO2
Cheese, soup, highly processed meats, 3% Sodium Chloride.
What is the treatment for hyponatremia?
Increased GI motility, diarrhea, abdominal cramps.
What are assessment findings with hyperkalemia?
Stimulant laxatives, hypoparathyroidism, and malabsorption syndromes like Crohn's Disease.
What are causes of hypocalcemia?
Loop diuretics if kidneys function is within normal limits, & calcium gluconate for myocardial protection.
What is the treatment for hypermagnesemia?
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
What is prolonged vomiting, gastric suctioning, excessive use of antacids?
Lab values elevated with fluid volume deficit
What is hematocrit, creatinine/BUN, serum osmolarity, sodium, urine specific gravity
Moves fluids from the intravascular space to the cells.
What is a hypotonic solution?
Discourage sodium intake, hypotonic fluids, and loop diuretics for those with working kidneys.
What is the treatment for hypernatremia?
K+ resides in which fluid
What is the intracellular fluid?
Bone pain, muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, confusion
What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Magnesium sulfate and magnesium oxide.
What are treatments for hypomagnesemia?
Respiratory Opposite Metabolic _____
What is equal?