Image Intensifiers
This is the compound the input phosphor is composed of.
What is Cesium Iodide (CsI)?
This is the process of grouping detector elements together in order reduce data rates and noise at the cost of spacial resolution.
What is binning?
This is how fluoroscopy compares to radiographs in terms of resolution.
What is worse spatial and contrast resolution but better temporal resolution?
This is the standard frame rate of fluoroscopy.
What is 30 fps?
The laterality and positions that a patient should be placed in if you are performing right sided dacryorhinocystography.
What is left lateral recumbency, VD, open mouth VD, and 20 degree ventrorostral dorsocaudal oblique?
This is the voltage range that is applied to the electrons to accelerate them through the image intensifier.
What is 25,000-35,000 volts?
The definition of a scintillator.
What is a material that re-emits absorbed energy in the form of light?
This is the result of using higher magnification modes (smaller FOV) on spatial resolution.
What is increased spatial resolution?
This feature of fluoroscopy units regulates x-ray exposure dependent on incident exposure at the input phosphor and results in alterations of mAs and/or kV.
What is automatic brightness control?
Beginning with the location of injection for dacryorhinocystography, name the anatomic structures the contrast media will pass through.
What are the dorsal puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac lacrimal duct and nasal cavity?
This is the term for the increase in kinetic energy from the electrons in the intensifier that causes increased emitted light from the output phosphor.
What is flux gain?
Name three benefits of flat panel display over image intensifiers.
What are lower patient dose, no veiling glare, less noise due to the lack of a camera, no sacrifice to spatial resolution with large fields of view (only if binning is not used), smaller size, no vignetting, better dynamic range and better stability?
The purpose of the photocathode.
What is to convert light into electrons?
Bonus: It is comprised of antimony alkali metals.
This is the result of the curved shape of the input phosphor.
What is the pincushion effect?
These are the contrast agents acceptable to use for dacryorhinocystography.
What are any contrast agents? (iodinated contrast media, lipid soluble media ie, lipidiol, or barium)
This is the compound that composes the output phosphor.
What is silver activated zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS:Ag)?
This is the individual unit that comprises the flat panel display screen and allows the machine to create an image.
What is a detector element (DEL)?
It has a scintillator layer as well as a photodiode and transistor layer to create an electronic signal.
The ideal kV for best efficiency of the input phosphor.
What is roughly 60 kV?
Because the average beam energy would be about 30 and the k edge of cesium is 36, making the photoelectric effect predominate.
This is the wavelength of light that the output phosphor converts the electrons into.
What is ~530 nm (green light)?
Bonus: The input phosphor emits violet-blue light at ~420 nm.
This is the dose of iodinated contrast for esophagography.
What is 240-300 mgI/mL diluted 50:50 with water?
Name the components of the image intensifier in order from the patient to the aperture of the image intensifier.
Grid, output phosphor, photocathode, diodes, output phosphor
The amount of water you would add to create a 20% weight:weight solution of barium with a total weight of 100g.
What is 80g of water?
The gold standard for gastric emptying in dogs.
What is radioscintigraphy using Tc99 bound to disofenin?
The cranial nerves that if damaged, would cause oral dysphagia.
What are CN V (mandibular branch for mastication) and CN XII (motor to the tongue)?
This is Zsigmondy's classification of barium.
What is a suspension with colloidal properties?
Bonus: It has thixotropic behavior.