Reflexes/Physiology
The withdrawal reflex is an example of what type of reflex?
What is Somatosomatic reflex
Lateral recumbent is
Lying on their side
What are some possible reactions to Soft Tissue?
1. Discomfort
2. Ecchymosis (bruising)
3. Muscle soreness
4. Muscle spasm
Describe the history and development of ME treatment
1948: first introduced by Fred Mitchell Sr.
-His son Mitchell Jr. expanded on it^
1958: described in "structural pelvic function"
Ruddy and Kettler are primary sources
AT Still "flung to the breeze the flag of osteopathy"
June 22, 1874
Define Facilitation
pool of neurons that are in a state of partial or sub-threshold excitation
What is the difference between restrictive and pathologic barriers?
Restrictive- related to somatic dysfunction & responsive to OMT
Pathologic- disease or trauma. Not responsive to OMT
Which ST treatment causes the origin and insertion of the myofascial structures to be stationary?
Perpendicular traction
A patient has acute spasm in their left bicep. The physician passively extends their bicep and asks the patient to extend their bicep against resistance. What type of technique is being utilized?
Reciprocal Inhibition
What are the 3 osteopathic principles for patient care developed in 2002?
1. Patient is the focus for healthcare
2. Patient has the primary responsibility for their health
3. Effective treatment
What do muscle spindles and GTOs measure/detect?
What is stretch, rate of change, proprioception (MS), and tension (GTOs)?
Can the patient reach their elastic barrier passively?
No, elastic barrier is beyond the physiological barrier.
Which is NOT a known effect of ST techniques?
a. decreased glucose levels
b. increased parasympathetic activity
c. enhanced alertness in autism, ADHD
d. decreased Natural Killer cells and its cytotoxicity
e.decreased depression and stress
D. There is increased natural killer cells
Which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism of HVLA?
A. Vacuum theory
B. Resetting aberrant nociceptive/mechanoreceptor activity
C. Release of energy (hysteresis)
D. Restoration of restricted articular motion
E. Release of entrapped synovial folds
Cleidocranial Dysplasia gene and effects
RUNX2 gene
Affects intramembranous ossification -> only intramembranous post-cranial bone
No clavicles
How do GTOs protect the body?
stretch of tendon -> GTO activate -> inhibitory interneurons signal for decreased muscular activity + activates antagonists muscles
What are the correct pairings of planes, axes, and motion?
a. Coronal plane around transverse axis = sidebending
b. Transverse plane around sagittal axis = flexion
c. Coronal plane around sagittal axis = abduction
d. Sagittal plane around a horizontal axis =adduction
e. Axial plane around an anterior-posterior axis = extension
C
Which is an absolute contraindication for CS?
A. Manifestation of abnormal neurological and/or vascular symptoms due to treatment position
B. Upper cervical hyperrotation
C. Patient with severe acute rheumatological flare
D.Inability to tolerate classic treatment position
E. Severe osteoporosis
A
A. AT Still
B. Native American healers
C. Hippocrates
D. European Practitioners
E. None of the above
E
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a trigger point?
A. Located in muscle tissue
B. Responds to specific positioning
C. Elicits a Twitch response with snapping palpation
D. Radiating pain pattern
E. Present within a taut band
B
1. Normal: Muscle spindles detect stretch and proprioception
2. Excess stretch -> MS overstimulation -> alpha motor neurons -> extrafusal contraction-> shortens spindles
3. Prolonged a-motor neurons -> spindle activity is back to baseline, but muscles are contracted ->spasm
A patient can sidebend right, rotate left, and extend with ease. What is the name of the somatic dysfunction? (Bonus: how would you position the patient using muscle energy?)
Sidebend right, rotate left, extension.
(Bonus) Position the patient into the restrictive barrier: sidebend left, rotate right, flexion
Which would NOT be a contraindication for MFR?
A. aortic aneurysm
B. disseminated neoplasm
C. Abscess
D. Anticoagulation
E. none of the above
E; they're all contraindications
A patient was injured in a motor vehicle accident. They are placed in a head collar but experience pain in their right posterior neck (C5). They have difficulty extending, rotation left, and sidebending left. What is the name of the somatic dysfunction? If oculocephalogyric reflex and reciprocal inhibition is used, where should the patient position their eyes?
C5, flexion, RotR, SB R.
They would look up and left.
How does a tender point develop?
1. Agonist muscle is stretched, antagonist is resting.
2. Agonist muscle experiences sudden strain, causing it to contract quickly.
3. Antagonist muscle goes from maximally shortened to stretch very quickly -> proprioceptors are dysfunctional in antagonist
4. Joint cannot return to normal length ->Tender point