Alternative Farming
Plants that are planted to cover the soil rather than for the purpose of being harvested. They can help increase soil health through increasing organic matter and preventing erosion.
Cover crops
Growing a single crop in an area. This leads to input reliance due to poor soil health and susceptibility to disease and pests.
Monoculture
The ban of cod fishing due to spawning biomass stock falling below 1% of its estimated peak. Initially was to last 2 years, but was exteneded indefinitely.
Cod Moratorium
The principle of learning to see from one eye with the strengths of Indigenous knowledges and ways of knowing, and from the other eye with the strengths of Western knowledges and ways of knowing.
Two-eyed seeing
Externalized costs
La Via Campesina
A system where consumers subscribe to a farm or group of farms to receive a share of the harvest. This model means the producer and consumer share the risks and benefits of a harvest, building a stronger and more direct relationship.
Community supported agriculture (CSA)
The movement of water that has picked up pesticides and soil to surface water or the infiltration of pesticides into groundwater.
Pesticide Runoff
The first of the three phases of Global Fisheries Development. It comprised of advances in technology and the changing of fisheries management policies. Five prominent features of this phase: The scale of today's fishing industry, global commodity chains, government promotion, displacement of small-scale and artisanal fisheries, and capital-intensive inherent contradiction.
Industrialization wave
The five white gifts
Flour, Salt, Sugar, Lard, and Milk
Total value of all goods and services produced within a certain territory and period. In the current economic system, it is valued above human and environmental health.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
A segregated and unequal system where systemic racism and economic discrimination deny access to nutritious and affordable food to certain communities. Unlike the term "food desert," which suggests a natural occurence, this term highlights the intentional policies and practices leading to limited food access.
Food Apartheid
A method of growing plants using nutrient rich water instead of soil. This increases yield and growth speed but sacrifices the benefits of soil and uses far more energy than traditional farming.
Hydroponics
The percentage of market share controlled by a specified number of firms. Most segments of Canadian food supply chains exceed 40%.
Corporate Concentration
Area 200 nautical miles from the coast where a sovereign state has exclusive rights regarding exploration and use of marine resources.
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
Economic system of exchange where valuables are not sold, but given without explicit agreement of rewards.
Gift economy
Governmental payments like crop insurance and income support programs. Without these, corn is generally unprofitable.
Subsidies
The sister movement to Food Sovereignty in the global north, with similar values and principles. Unlike Food Sovereignty, which has generally been failed by governmental policies, it views government as a power to be democratized to further its goals.
Food Justice
A livestock management system where livestock are moved between multiple areas of a pasture to allow the grazed area to regenerate before being grazed again.
Rotational grazing
The father of the Green Revolution. They developed high yield grain varieties to address world hunger. These high yielding crops were able to increase production, but created a reliance on inputs.
Norman Borlaug
A device that attracts fish for subsequent capture. There are two types: drifting and anchored. They often lead to ghost gear and can pull tuna off of their migratory paths.
Fish Aggregating Device
The action taken to force indigenous people onto reserves.
Buffalo Extermination
A model of production and consumption that involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling materials and products as long as possible.
Circular Economy
The loss of food knowledge and skills. Many corporations will utilize this to sell more products.
Deskilling
The function of beans in the three sisters companion planting method.
Nitrogen-fixing
The international network of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in moving a product or service from its raw material source to the final customer across multiple countries.
Global Supply Chain
A vortex of plastic waste and debris broken down into small particles in the ocean.
Gyre
The policy or practice on the part of people in positions of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the subordinates' supposed best interest (Oxford Languages).
Paternalism
The economic and political ideology of the free-market. It emphasizes deregulation, privatization, and reduced governmental intervention on the economy.
Neoliberal Capitalism
When governments, regulators, or policymakers are heavily influenced by corporate or industry interests. Instead of making rules to protect public health or the environment, policies end up serving those industries.
Policy capture
A system of designing agricultural ecosystems coined by Bill Mollison that mimic the self-sustaining patterns and characteristics of natural ecosystems with 12 design principles. It generally applies to a smaller scale than agroecology, which typically focuses on larger-scale food systems.
Permaculture
The type of meat that creates roughly 10kg of greenhouse gas emissions per kilogram of product. This is 10 times less than beef and 10 times more than peas.
Poultry
International organizations created to manage high seas, straddling and highly migratory fish stocks.
Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs)
A policy that was in effect from 1889 to 1897. It allowed for the use of only basic tools to grow crops and raise animals. It created a severe disadvantage between settler-colonial and indigenous farmers.
Peasant Farming Policy
Combining the mission-driven focus of a nonprofit with the revenue-generating model of a business, this type of organization reinvests its profits into addressing social, cultural, or environmental issues instead of maximizing shareholder wealth.
Social Enterprise
The five A's of food security
Availability, Accessibility, Adequacy, Acceptability, and Agency